Ana iya samun bakin karfe a ko'ina cikin rayuwa, kuma akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan wauta waɗanda ke bambanta.A yau don raba muku labarin don fayyace abubuwan ilimi anan.
Bakin karfe shine taƙaitaccen ƙarfe mai jure acid, iska, tururi, ruwa da sauran kafofin watsa labarai masu rauni ko bakin karfe da aka sani da bakin karfe;kuma za ta kasance mai juriya ga kafofin watsa labarai masu lalata sinadarai (acids, alkalis, salts, da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da sinadarai) lalata ƙarfen ana kiransa ƙarfe mai juriya.
Bakin karfe yana nufin iska, tururi, ruwa da sauran raunanan kafofin watsa labarai da acid, alkalis, salts da sauran sinadarai masu lalata tarkacen karfe, wanda kuma aka sani da bakin karfe mai jurewa.A aikace, sau da yawa rauni mai lalata kafofin watsa labarai mai juriya karfe da ake kira bakin karfe, da kuma sinadari mai jurewa karfen da ake kira karfe mai jure acid.Saboda bambance-bambance a cikin nau'ikan sinadarai na biyun, na farko ba lallai ba ne ya jure lalata kafofin watsa labarai na sinadarai, yayin da na biyun gabaɗaya ba su da ƙarfi.Juriya na lalata na bakin karfe ya dogara da abubuwan haɗakarwa da ke cikin karfe.
Rarraba gama gari
A cewar ƙungiyar ƙarfe
Gabaɗaya, bisa ga ƙungiyar ƙarfe, bakin karfe na gama gari sun kasu kashi uku: bakin karfe austenitic, bakin karfe na ferritic da martensitic bakin karfe.A kan asalin ƙungiyar yau da kullun na waɗannan rukunan guda uku, Sonning bakin ciki da 50% baƙin ƙarfe suna ɗauke da ƙimar buƙatu da kuma dalilai.
1. Austenitic bakin karfe
Matrix zuwa fuska-tsakiyar cubic crystal tsarin na austenitic kungiyar (CY lokaci) ne mamaye wadanda ba Magnetic, yafi ta sanyi aiki don sa shi ƙarfafa (kuma zai iya kai ga wani mataki na maganadiso) na bakin karfe.Cibiyar Iron da Karfe ta Amurka zuwa jerin lambobi 200 da 300, kamar 304.
2. Ferritic bakin karfe
Matrix zuwa tsarin kristal mai siffar jiki na ƙungiyar ferrite (wani lokaci) shine rinjaye, maganadisu, gabaɗaya ba za a iya taurare shi ta hanyar magani mai zafi ba, amma aikin sanyi na iya sanya shi ɗan ƙarfafa bakin karfe.Cibiyar Iron da Karfe ta Amurka zuwa 430 da 446 don alamar.
3. Martensitic bakin karfe
Matrix shine ƙungiyar martensitic (cubic-center cubic ko cubic), maganadisu, ta hanyar magani mai zafi na iya daidaita kayan aikin sa na bakin karfe.Cibiyar Iron da Karfe ta Amurka zuwa 410, 420, da 440 da aka yiwa alama.Martensite yana da ƙungiyar austenitic a yanayin zafi mai girma, wanda za'a iya canza shi zuwa martensite (watau taurare) lokacin da aka sanyaya zuwa zafin jiki a daidai ƙimar da ta dace.
4. Austenitic a ferrite (duplex) irin bakin karfe
Matrix yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu na austenitic da ferrite, wanda abun ciki na ƙaramin lokaci matrix gabaɗaya ya fi 15%, Magnetic, ana iya ƙarfafa ta ta aikin sanyi na bakin karfe, 329 shine nau'in bakin karfe na yau da kullun.Idan aka kwatanta da austenitic bakin karfe, duplex karfe high ƙarfi, juriya ga intergranular lalata da chloride damuwa lalata da pitting lalata suna da muhimmanci.
5. Hazo hardening bakin karfe
Matrix austenitic ne ko ƙungiyar martensitic, kuma ana iya taurare ta hanyar hazo mai taurare don yin taurare bakin karfe.Cibiyar Iron da Karfe ta Amurka zuwa jerin lambobi 600 na dijital, kamar 630, wato, 17-4PH.
Gabaɗaya, ban da gami, juriya na lalata na bakin karfe austenitic ya fi girma, a cikin ƙasa mara kyau, zaku iya amfani da bakin karfe na ferritic, a cikin yanayi mara kyau, idan ana buƙatar kayan don samun ƙarfi mai ƙarfi ko tauri mai ƙarfi, ku iya amfani da martensitic bakin karfe da hazo hardening bakin karfe.
Halaye da amfani
Tsarin saman
Bambancin kauri
1. Saboda injunan niƙa na ƙarfe a cikin aikin birgima, naɗaɗɗen suna mai zafi da ɗan nakasawa, yana haifar da jujjuya kauri na farantin, gabaɗaya mai kauri a tsakiyar bangarorin biyu na bakin ciki.A auna kauri na farantin dokokin jihar kamata a auna a tsakiyar farantin shugaban.
2. Dalilin haƙuri ya dogara ne akan kasuwa da buƙatun abokin ciniki, gabaɗaya ya kasu kashi manya da ƙananan haƙuri.
V. Manufacturing, dubawa bukatun
1. Farantin bututu
① spliced tube farantin butt gidajen abinci don 100% ray dubawa ko UT, m matakin: RT: Ⅱ UT: Ⅰ matakin;
② Baya ga bakin karfe, spliced bututu farantin danniya taimako zafi magani;
③ tube farantin rami gada nisa karkata: bisa ga dabara don kirga nisa na ramin gada: B = (S - d) - D1
Mafi ƙarancin nisa gada rami: B = 1/2 (S - d) + C;
2. Maganin zafi akwatin tube:
Carbon karfe, low gami karfe welded tare da tsaga-kewayi bangare na bututu akwatin, kazalika da bututu akwatin na a kaikaice bude fiye da 1/3 na ciki diamita na Silinda bututu akwatin, a cikin aikace-aikace na waldi ga danniya. taimako zafi magani, flange da bangare sealing surface ya kamata a sarrafa bayan zafi magani.
3. Gwajin matsin lamba
Lokacin da harsashi tsari zane matsa lamba ne m fiye da tube tsari matsa lamba, domin duba ingancin zafi Exchanger tube da tube farantin sadarwa.
① Tsarin shirin Shell don ƙara yawan gwajin gwaji tare da shirin bututu wanda ya dace da gwajin hydraulic, don bincika ko zubar da haɗin gwiwar bututu.(Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa danniya na fim na farko na harsashi a lokacin gwajin hydraulic shine ≤0.9ReLΦ)
② Lokacin da hanyar da ke sama ba ta dace ba, harsashi na iya zama gwajin hydrostatic bisa ga matsi na asali bayan wucewa, sa'an nan kuma harsashi don gwajin ƙyallen ammonia ko gwajin leka na halogen.
Wani irin bakin karfe ne ba sauki ga tsatsa?
Akwai manyan abubuwa guda uku da ke shafar tsatsar bakin karfe:
1.A abun ciki na alloying abubuwa.Gabaɗaya magana, abun ciki na chromium a cikin 10.5% ƙarfe ba shi da sauƙin tsatsa.Mafi girma da abun ciki na chromium da nickel lalata juriya ne mafi alhẽri, kamar 304 abu nickel abun ciki na 85 ~ 10%, chromium abun ciki na 18% ~ 20%, irin bakin karfe a general ba tsatsa.
2. Tsarin narkewa na masana'anta kuma zai shafi juriyar lalata na bakin karfe.Fasahar narkewa tana da kyau, kayan aiki na ci gaba, fasaha na ci gaba, babban masana'antar bakin karfe duka biyu a cikin sarrafa abubuwan alloying, kawar da datti, sarrafa zafin jiki na billet ana iya tabbatar da shi, don haka ingancin samfurin ya tsaya tsayin daka kuma abin dogaro, inganci mai kyau na ciki, ba sauki tsatsa.Sabanin haka, wasu ƙananan kayan aikin shuka na ƙarfe a baya, fasaha na baya, tsarin narkewa, ƙazanta ba za a iya cirewa ba, samar da samfurori zai yi tsatsa ba makawa.
3. muhallin waje.Yanayin bushe da iska ba shi da sauƙin tsatsa, yayin da yanayin iska, ci gaba da yanayin ruwan sama, ko iska mai ɗauke da acidity da alkalinity na muhalli yana da sauƙin tsatsa.304 kayan bakin karfe, idan yanayin da ke kewaye yana da talauci kuma yana da tsatsa.
Bakin karfe tsatsa ta yaya za a magance?
1.Hanyar kimiyya
Tare da pickling manna ko fesa don taimakawa sassansa masu tsatsa don sake dawo da samuwar fim din chromium oxide don dawo da juriya na lalata, bayan da aka yanke, don kawar da duk abubuwan da suka lalace da ragowar acid, yana da matukar muhimmanci a aiwatar da ingantaccen kurkura da ruwa. .Bayan an sarrafa komai kuma an sake goge shi tare da kayan aikin gogewa, ana iya rufe shi da kakin zuma mai gogewa.Don ƙananan tsatsa na gida kuma za'a iya amfani da man fetur 1: 1, cakuda mai tare da rag mai tsabta don shafe tsatsa na iya zama.
2. Hanyoyin injiniya
Tsaftace ɓarkewar yashi, tsaftacewa da gilashin ko barbashi yumbu mai fashewa, gogewa, gogewa da gogewa.Hanyoyin injina suna da yuwuwar goge gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu wanda kayan da aka cire a baya, kayan goge-goge ko abubuwan da aka goge suka haifar.Kowane irin gurɓataccen abu, musamman baƙin ƙarfe na waje, na iya zama tushen lalacewa, musamman a cikin yanayi mai ɗanɗano.Don haka, ya kamata a tsaftace wuraren da aka goge da injiniyoyi a ƙarƙashin bushewa.Yin amfani da hanyoyin injiniya kawai yana tsaftace samansa kuma baya canza juriya na lalata kayan kanta.Sabili da haka, ana ba da shawarar sake goge saman tare da kayan aikin gogewa kuma a rufe shi da kakin zuma mai gogewa bayan tsabtace injin.
Kayan aikin da aka saba amfani da su da maki da kaddarorin bakin karfe
1.304 bakin karfe.Yana daya daga cikin austenitic bakin karfe tare da babban aikace-aikace da kuma widest amfani, dace da Manufacturing zurfin-jawo gyare-gyaren sassa da acid bututu, kwantena, tsarin sassa, daban-daban na kayan aiki jikin, da dai sauransu Yana iya kerarre wadanda ba Magnetic, low- kayan aikin zafin jiki da sassa.
2.304L bakin karfe.Don magance hazo na Cr23C6 da 304 bakin karfe ya haifar a wasu yanayi akwai mummunan hali ga lalatawar intergranular da haɓakar ƙarancin ƙarancin carbon austenitic bakin karfe, yanayin hankalinsa na juriya na lalata intergranular yana da mahimmanci fiye da 304 bakin karfe.Bugu da ƙari, ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, sauran kaddarorin tare da bakin karfe 321, galibi ana amfani da su don kayan aikin lalata da abubuwan da aka gyara ba za a iya welded maganin maganin ba, ana iya amfani da su don kera nau'ikan nau'ikan jikin kayan aiki.
3.304H bakin karfe.304 bakin karfe ciki reshe, carbon taro juzu'i a 0.04% ~ 0.10%, high zafin jiki yi ne mafi alhẽri daga 304 bakin karfe.
4.316 bakin karfe.A cikin 10Cr18Ni12 karfe dangane da ƙari na molybdenum, don haka karfe yana da juriya mai kyau don rage yawan watsa labarai da pitting juriya na lalata.A cikin ruwan teku da sauran kafofin watsa labarai, juriya na lalata ya fi 304 bakin karfe, galibi ana amfani da shi don rarrabuwar kayan juriya.
5.316L bakin karfe.Ultra-low carbon karfe, tare da mai kyau juriya ga sensitized intergranular lalata, dace da yi na lokacin farin ciki giciye girman welded sassa da kayan aiki, kamar petrochemical kayan aiki a cikin lalata-resistant kayan.
6.316H bakin karfe.na ciki reshe na 316 bakin karfe, carbon taro juzu'i na 0.04% -0.10%, high zafin jiki yi ne mafi alhẽri daga 316 bakin karfe.
7.317 bakin karfe.Juriya na lalatawa da juriya mai rarrafe ya fi 316L bakin karfe, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen kera kayan aikin lalata petrochemical da Organic acid.
8.321 bakin karfe.Titanium stabilized austenitic bakin karfe, ƙara titanium don inganta intergranular lalata juriya, kuma yana da kyau high zafin jiki inji Properties, za a iya maye gurbinsu da matsananci-low carbon austenitic bakin karfe.Baya ga matsanancin zafin jiki ko juriya na lalata hydrogen da sauran lokuta na musamman, ba a ba da shawarar yanayin gaba ɗaya ba.
9.347 bakin karfe.Niobium-stabilized austenitic bakin karfe, niobium kara don inganta juriya ga intergranular lalata, lalata juriya a cikin acid, alkali, gishiri da sauran m kafofin watsa labarai tare da 321 bakin karfe, mai kyau waldi yi, za a iya amfani da matsayin lalata-resistant kayan da zafi-resistant karfe. ana amfani da shi musamman don thermal ikon, petrochemical filayen, kamar samar da kwantena, bututun, zafi Exchangers, shafts, masana'antu tanderu a cikin tanderun tube da tanderun tube thermometer da sauransu.
10.904L bakin karfe.Super cikakken austenitic bakin karfe, babban austenitic bakin karfe wanda Finland Otto Kemp ya kirkira, juzu'insa na nickel na 24% zuwa 26%, juzu'in taro na carbon da ke ƙasa da 0.02%, kyakkyawan juriya na lalata, a cikin acid ɗin da ba oxidising kamar su sulfuric , acetic, formic da phosphoric acid yana da matukar kyau juriya na lalata, kuma a lokaci guda yana da juriya mai kyau ga lalatawar crevice da juriya ga halayen lalata.Ya dace da nau'i-nau'i na sulfuric acid da ke ƙasa da 70 ℃, kuma yana da kyakkyawan juriya ga acetic acid da gauraye acid na formic acid da acetic acid na kowane taro da kowane zafin jiki a ƙarƙashin matsa lamba na al'ada.Asalin daidaitaccen ASMESB-625 yana dangana shi zuwa ga abubuwan da ke cikin nickel, kuma sabon ma'aunin ya danganta shi da bakin karfe.China kawai kimanin sa 015Cr19Ni26Mo5Cu2 karfe, wasu masana'antun kayan aikin Turai na mahimman kayan amfani da bakin karfe 904L, kamar E + H's mass flowmeter ma'auni bututu shine amfani da bakin karfe 904L, yanayin agogon Rolex kuma ana amfani da bakin karfe 904L.
11.440C bakin karfe.Bakin Karfe Martensitic, Bakin Karfe mai tauri, Bakin Karfe a cikin mafi girman taurin, taurin HRC57.Yafi amfani a samar da nozzles, bearings, bawuloli, bawul spools, bawul kujeru, hannayen riga, bawul mai tushe, da dai sauransu.
12.17-4PH bakin karfe.Martensitic hazo hardening bakin karfe, taurin HRC44, tare da babban ƙarfi, taurin da lalata juriya, ba za a iya amfani da yanayin zafi sama da 300 ℃.Yana da kyawawa juriya ga duka yanayi da dilute acid ko gishiri, kuma juriyarsa iri ɗaya ne da na bakin karfe 304 da bakin karfe 430, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen kera dandamalin teku, injin turbine, spools, kujeru, hannayen riga. da kuma mai tushe na bawuloli.
A cikin sana'ar kayan aiki, haɗe tare da al'amurran da suka shafi gabaɗaya da farashi, tsarin zaɓin zaɓi na bakin karfe na al'ada shine 304-304L-316-316L-317-321-347-904L bakin karfe, wanda 317 ba shi da amfani, 321 ba an ba da shawarar, 347 ana amfani da shi don lalata yanayin zafin jiki, 904L shine kawai tsoffin kayan wasu abubuwan masana'antun guda ɗaya, ƙirar ba koyaushe zata ɗauki yunƙurin zaɓar 904L ba.
A cikin zaɓin ƙirar kayan aiki, yawanci za a sami kayan aikin kayan aiki da kayan bututu sune lokuta daban-daban, musamman ma a cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi, dole ne mu ba da kulawa ta musamman ga zaɓin kayan aikin kayan aiki don saduwa da kayan aiki na tsari ko yanayin ƙirar bututu da ƙirar ƙira, irin su bututun ƙarfe na chrome molybdenum mai zafi mai zafi, yayin da kayan aiki don zaɓar bakin karfe, to yana iya zama matsala sosai, dole ne ku je don tuntuɓar yanayin zafin kayan da ya dace da ma'aunin matsa lamba.
A cikin zaɓin ƙirar kayan aiki, sau da yawa ya ci karo da nau'ikan tsarin daban-daban, jerin, maki na bakin karfe, zaɓin ya kamata ya dogara ne akan ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin watsa labarai na tsari, zafin jiki, matsa lamba, sassan da aka damuwa, lalata da farashi da sauran ra'ayoyi.
Lokacin aikawa: Oktoba-11-2023