Takaitaccen bayani na maganin zafi!

Maganin zafi yana nufin wani tsari na thermal na ƙarfe wanda kayan da aka yi zafi, riƙe da sanyaya ta hanyar dumama a cikin ƙasa mai ƙarfi don samun ƙungiyar da ake so da kaddarorin.

I. Maganin Zafi

1, Normalizing: da karfe ko karfe guda mai tsanani zuwa mahimmin batu na AC3 ko ACM sama da zafin jiki mai dacewa don kula da wani lokaci bayan sanyaya a cikin iska, don samun nau'in nau'in pearlitic na tsari na maganin zafi.

2, Annealing: eutectic karfe workpiece mai tsanani zuwa AC3 sama da 20-40 digiri, bayan da rike na wani lokaci, tare da tanderun sannu a hankali sanyaya (ko binne a cikin yashi ko lemun tsami sanyaya) zuwa 500 digiri a kasa sanyaya a cikin iska zafi magani tsari. .

3, M bayani zafi magani: da gami ne mai tsanani zuwa wani babban zafin jiki guda-lokaci yankin na m zazzabi don kula, sabõda haka, da wuce haddi lokaci ne cikakken narkar da cikin m bayani, sa'an nan sanyaya da sauri don samun wani supersaturated m bayani zafi magani tsari. .

4, Ageing: Bayan m bayani zafi magani ko sanyi filastik nakasawa na gami, a lõkacin da aka sanya a dakin da zazzabi ko kiyaye a dan kadan mafi girma zazzabi fiye da dakin zafin jiki, da sabon abu na Properties canza tare da lokaci.

5, ingantaccen magani na bayani: saboda kayan kwalliya a cikin yawancin matakai masu cikakken narkar da, ƙarfafa m juriya da lalata da haɓaka ƙarfi, don ci gaba da sarrafawa.

6, Maganin tsufa: dumama da riƙewa a zafin jiki na hazo na lokacin ƙarfafawa, don haka hazo na lokacin ƙarfafawa don haɓakawa, da za a taurare, don inganta ƙarfi.

7, Quenching: Ƙarfe austenitization bayan sanyaya a dace sanyaya kudi, sabõda haka, da workpiece a cikin giciye-sashe na duk ko wani kewayon m tsarin tsarin kamar martensite canji na zafi magani tsari.

8, Tempering: da quenched workpiece za a mai tsanani ga m batu na AC1 kasa dace zafin jiki na wani lokaci, sa'an nan sanyaya daidai da bukatun na hanya, domin samun da ake so kungiyar da kaddarorin na zafi magani tsari.

9, Karfe carbonitriding: carbonitriding ne zuwa saman Layer na karfe a lokaci guda infiltration na carbon da nitrogen tsari.Carbonitriding na al'ada kuma ana kiransa da cyanide, matsakaicin zafin jiki na iskar carbonitriding da ƙarancin zafin jiki na carbonitriding (watau gas nitrocarburizing) an fi amfani dashi.Babban manufar matsakaicin zafin jiki gas carbonitriding shine don inganta taurin, sa juriya da ƙarfin gajiya na karfe.Gas mai ƙarancin zafin jiki na carbonitriding zuwa tushen nitriding, babban maƙasudinsa shine haɓaka juriyar lalacewa na ƙarfe da juriya cizo.

10, Maganin zafin jiki (quenching da tempering): al'ada na yau da kullum za a kashe shi kuma za a yi zafi a yanayin zafi mai zafi a hade tare da maganin zafi da aka sani da maganin zafi.Ana amfani da jiyya mai zafi sosai a cikin sassa daban-daban masu mahimmanci na tsarin, musamman waɗanda ke aiki ƙarƙashin madaidaicin nauyin haɗaɗɗun sanduna, kusoshi, gears da shafts.Tempering bayan maganin zafin jiki don samun ƙungiyar sohnite mai fushi, kayan aikin injin sa sun fi irin taurin ƙungiyar sohnite na al'ada.Its taurin ya dogara da high zafin jiki tempering zafin jiki da karfe tempering kwanciyar hankali da workpiece giciye-sashe size, kullum tsakanin HB200-350.

11, Brazing: tare da brazing abu zai zama nau'i biyu na workpiece dumama narkewa bonded tare zafi magani tsari.

II.Tya halaye na tsari

Metal zafi magani ne daya daga cikin muhimman matakai a inji masana'antu, idan aka kwatanta da sauran machining tafiyar matakai, zafi magani kullum ba ya canja siffar workpiece da kuma overall sinadaran abun da ke ciki, amma ta canza ciki microstructure na workpiece, ko canza sinadaran. abun da ke ciki na surface na workpiece, don ba ko inganta amfani da workpiece Properties.Yana da alaƙa da haɓakawa a cikin ingantaccen ingancin aikin aikin, wanda gabaɗaya ba a iya gani ga ido tsirara.Don yin aikin ƙarfe na ƙarfe tare da kayan aikin injiniya da ake buƙata, kaddarorin jiki da kaddarorin sinadarai, ban da madaidaicin zaɓi na kayan aiki da tsarin gyare-gyare iri-iri, tsarin kula da zafi sau da yawa yana da mahimmanci.Karfe shine kayan da aka fi amfani dashi a cikin masana'antar injiniya, hadaddun microstructure na karfe, ana iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar magani mai zafi, don haka maganin zafi na karfe shine babban abun ciki na maganin zafi na karfe.Bugu da kari, aluminum, jan karfe, magnesium, titanium da sauran allurai kuma na iya zama maganin zafi don canza kayan aikin injiniya, jiki da sinadarai, don samun aiki daban-daban.

III.Tya aiwatar

Tsarin maganin zafi gabaɗaya ya haɗa da dumama, riƙewa, sanyaya matakai uku, wani lokacin kawai dumama da sanyaya matakai biyu.Wadannan matakai suna da alaƙa da juna, ba za a iya katse su ba.

Dumama yana daya daga cikin mahimman matakai na maganin zafi.Maganin zafi na ƙarfe na hanyoyin dumama da yawa, na farko shine amfani da gawayi da gawayi azaman tushen zafi, aikace-aikacen kwanan nan na ruwa da gas.Yin amfani da wutar lantarki yana sa dumama sauƙi don sarrafawa, kuma babu gurɓataccen muhalli.Ana iya yin amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin zafi kai tsaye, amma kuma ta hanyar narkakkar gishiri ko ƙarfe, zuwa ga barbashi masu yawo don dumama kai tsaye.

Metal dumama, da workpiece da aka fallasa zuwa iska, hadawan abu da iskar shaka, decarburization sau da yawa faruwa (watau surface carbon abun ciki na karfe sassa don rage), wanda yana da matukar mummunan tasiri a kan surface Properties na zafi-bi da sassa.Don haka, ƙarfe ya kamata ya kasance a cikin yanayi mai sarrafawa ko yanayi mai kariya, narkakken gishiri da dumama, amma kuma akwai riguna ko hanyoyin tattarawa don dumama kariya.

Zazzabi mai zafi yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman sigogin tsari na tsarin kula da zafi, zaɓi da sarrafa zafin zafin jiki, shine tabbatar da ingancin maganin zafi na manyan batutuwa.Dumama zafin jiki dabam tare da bi da karfe abu da kuma manufar zafi magani, amma gaba ɗaya suna mai tsanani sama da lokaci mika zafin jiki don samun high zafin jiki kungiyar.Bugu da kari, da canji na bukatar wani adadin lokaci, don haka a lokacin da surface na karfe workpiece cimma da ake bukata dumama zafin jiki, amma kuma da za a kiyaye a wannan zafin jiki na wani lokaci, sabõda haka, ciki da kuma waje yanayin zafi. sun kasance masu daidaituwa, don haka canjin microstructure ya cika, wanda aka sani da lokacin riƙewa.Yin amfani da dumama dumama makamashi mai ƙarfi da jiyya mai zafi na ƙasa, ƙimar dumama yana da sauri sosai, gabaɗaya babu lokacin riƙewa, yayin da maganin zafi na sinadarai na lokacin riƙewa ya fi tsayi.

Hakanan sanyaya mataki ne wanda ba makawa a cikin tsarin maganin zafi, hanyoyin sanyaya saboda matakai daban-daban, galibi don sarrafa ƙimar sanyaya.Yawan kwantar da hankali na gabaɗaya shine mafi hankali, daidaita yanayin sanyaya yana da sauri, kashe ƙimar sanyaya yana da sauri.Amma kuma saboda nau'ikan ƙarfe daban-daban kuma suna da buƙatu daban-daban, kamar ƙarfe mai ƙarfi na iska ana iya kashe shi tare da ƙimar sanyaya iri ɗaya kamar daidaitawa.

IV.Process classification

Karfe zafi magani tsari za a iya wajen zuwa kashi dukan zafi magani, surface zafi magani da sinadaran zafi magani na uku Categories.Dangane da matsakaicin dumama, zafin jiki mai zafi da hanyar kwantar da hankali na daban-daban, kowane nau'in za'a iya bambanta shi cikin adadin hanyoyin magance zafi daban-daban.Irin wannan ƙarfe ta yin amfani da matakai daban-daban na maganin zafi, na iya samun ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, don haka yana da kaddarorin daban-daban.Ƙarfe da ƙarfe shi ne ƙarfe da aka fi amfani da shi a masana'antu, ƙananan ƙananan ƙarfe kuma shine mafi rikitarwa, don haka akwai nau'o'in tsarin maganin zafi na karfe.

Overall zafi magani ne overall dumama na workpiece, sa'an nan sanyaya a wani dace kudi, don samun da ake bukata metallurgical kungiyar, domin ya canza ta overall inji Properties na karfe zafi magani tsari.Overall zafi magani na karfe wajen annealing, normalizing, quenching da tempering hudu asali matakai.

Tsari yana nufin:

Annealing ne workpiece ne mai tsanani zuwa dace zafin jiki, bisa ga kayan da girman da workpiece ta yin amfani da daban-daban rike lokaci, sa'an nan kuma sannu a hankali sanyaya, da manufar shi ne don yin ciki kungiyar na karfe cimma ko kusa da ma'auni jihar. , don samun kyakkyawan tsarin aiki da aiki, ko don ƙarin quenching don shirya shirye-shiryen.

Normalizing ne workpiece ne mai tsanani zuwa ga dace zafin jiki bayan sanyaya a cikin iska, da sakamakon normalizing ne kama da annealing, kawai don samun finer kungiyar, sau da yawa amfani da inganta yankan yi na kayan, amma kuma wani lokacin amfani ga wasu daga cikinsu. Ƙananan sassa masu wuya a matsayin maganin zafi na ƙarshe.

Quenching ne workpiece ne mai tsanani da kuma sanyaya, a cikin ruwa, mai ko wasu inorganic salts, Organic ruwa mafita da sauran quenching matsakaici ga m sanyaya.Bayan quenching, sassan karfe suna da wuya, amma a lokaci guda suna raguwa, don kawar da kullun a kan lokaci, gabaɗaya dole ne a yi fushi a kan lokaci.

Domin rage brittleness na karfe sassa, da quenched karfe sassa a dace zazzabi sama da dakin zafin jiki da kuma kasa da 650 ℃ na dogon lokaci na rufi, sa'an nan sanyaya, wannan tsari ake kira tempering.Annealing, normalizing, quenching, tempering ne gaba daya zafi magani a cikin "hudu gobara", wanda quenching da tempering suna da alaka a hankali, sau da yawa amfani da tare da juna, daya ne ba makawa."Wuta huɗu" tare da yanayin dumama da yanayin sanyaya daban-daban, kuma sun samo asali na tsarin kula da zafi daban-daban.Domin samun wani mataki na ƙarfi da tauri, quenching da tempering a yanayin zafi mai girma hade tare da tsari, wanda aka sani da tempering.Bayan an kashe wasu allunan don samar da ingantaccen bayani mai ƙarfi, ana riƙe su a cikin ɗaki da zafin jiki ko kuma a ɗan ƙaramin zafin da ya dace na dogon lokaci don inganta taurin, ƙarfi, ko maganadisu na lantarki na gami.Irin wannan tsarin maganin zafi ana kiransa maganin tsufa.

Matsa lamba sarrafa nakasawa da zafi magani yadda ya kamata da kuma a hankali hade don aiwatar da, sabõda haka, da workpiece samun wani karfi mai kyau ƙarfi, tauri tare da hanyar da aka sani da nakasawa zafi magani;a cikin wani yanayi mara kyau-matsi ko injin a cikin magani mai zafi da aka sani da maganin zafi mai zafi, wanda ba wai kawai zai iya sa kayan aikin ba oxidize ba, kada ku decarburize, kiyaye farfajiyar aikin bayan jiyya, inganta aikin aikin, amma Hakanan ta hanyar wakili na osmotic don maganin zafi na sinadarai.

Surface zafi magani ne kawai dumama saman Layer na workpiece canza inji Properties na saman Layer na karfe zafi magani tsari.Domin kawai zafi da surface Layer na workpiece ba tare da wuce kima zafi canja wuri a cikin workpiece, da amfani da zafi tushen dole ne da wani babban makamashi yawa, wato, a cikin naúrar yankin na workpiece don ba da mafi girma zafi makamashi, don haka. cewa saman Layer na workpiece ko na gida na iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci ko kuma nan take don isa ga yanayin zafi.Kula da zafin saman saman manyan hanyoyin kashe harshen wuta da shigar da dumama maganin zafi, tushen zafi da aka saba amfani da su kamar oxyacetylene ko harshen oxypropane, induction current, Laser da lantarki.

Chemical zafi magani ne a karfe zafi magani tsari ta canza sinadaran abun da ke ciki, kungiyar da kuma kaddarorin da surface Layer na workpiece.Chemical zafi magani bambanta daga surface zafi magani a cikin cewa tsohon canza sinadaran abun da ke ciki na surface Layer na workpiece.Chemical zafi magani da aka sanya a kan workpiece dauke da carbon, gishiri kafofin watsa labarai ko sauran alloying abubuwa na matsakaici (gas, ruwa, m) a cikin dumama, rufi na dogon lokaci, don haka da cewa surface Layer na workpiece infiltration na carbon , nitrogen, boron da chromium da sauran abubuwa.Bayan shigar da abubuwa, da kuma wasu lokuta wasu hanyoyin magance zafi kamar quenching da tempering.Babban hanyoyin maganin zafi na sinadarai sune carburizing, nitriding, shigar ƙarfe.

Maganin zafi yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman matakai a cikin tsarin masana'antu na sassa na inji da gyare-gyare.Gabaɗaya magana, yana iya tabbatarwa da haɓaka kaddarorin kayan aikin, kamar juriya na lalacewa, juriya na lalata.Hakanan za'a iya haɓaka ƙungiyar mara kyau da yanayin damuwa, don sauƙaƙe nau'ikan sarrafa sanyi da zafi.

Misali: farin simintin simintin gyare-gyare bayan dogon lokaci ana iya samun maganin simintin simintin gyare-gyare, inganta haɓakar filastik;gears tare da daidaitaccen tsarin kula da zafi, rayuwar sabis na iya zama fiye da lokutan gears da aka bi da zafi ko sau da yawa;Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon mai tsada ta hanyar shigar da wasu abubuwa masu haɗakarwa suna da wasu kayan aikin ƙarfe mai tsada, na iya maye gurbin wani ƙarfe mai jure zafi, bakin karfe;kyawon tsayuwa da mutuwa kusan duk suna buƙatar shiga ta hanyar maganin zafi Za a iya amfani da su kawai bayan maganin zafi.

Ƙarin hanyoyin

I. Nau'in cirewa

Annealing wani tsari ne na maganin zafi wanda aikin aikin ya kasance mai zafi zuwa yanayin da ya dace, ana gudanar da shi na wani lokaci, sa'an nan kuma a hankali sanyaya.

Akwai nau'o'in nau'in aikin gyaran ƙarfe da yawa, bisa ga zafin jiki na dumama za a iya raba kashi biyu: ɗaya yana cikin matsanancin zafin jiki (Ac1 ko Ac3) sama da annealing, wanda kuma aka sani da canjin lokaci recrystallization annealing, ciki har da cikakken annealing, rashin cikawa annealing. , spheroidal annealing da diffusion annealing (homogenization annealing), da dai sauransu.;ɗayan yana ƙasa da matsanancin zafin jiki na annealing, ciki har da recrystallization annealing da de-stressing annealing, da dai sauransu .. Bisa ga hanyar sanyaya, annealing za a iya raba zuwa isothermal annealing da ci gaba da sanyaya annealing.

1, cikakkar annealing da isothermal annealing

Cikakken annealing, wanda kuma aka sani da recrystallization annealing, gabaɗaya ana magana da shi azaman annealing, shine ƙarfe ko ƙarfe mai zafi zuwa Ac3 sama da 20 ~ 30 ℃, rufin ya daɗe don sa ƙungiyar ta inganta gaba ɗaya bayan jinkirin sanyaya, don samun ƙungiyar kusan daidaito. na tsarin maganin zafi.Wannan annealing ne yafi amfani da sub-eutectic abun da ke ciki na daban-daban carbon da gami karfe simintin gyaran kafa, forgings da zafi birgima profiles, kuma wani lokacin kuma amfani da welded Tsarin.Kullum sau da yawa a matsayin adadin ba nauyi workpiece karshe zafi magani, ko a matsayin pre-zafi magani na wasu workpieces.

2, ɓacin rai

Spheroidal annealing ne yafi amfani ga over-eutectic carbon karfe da gami kayan aiki karfe (kamar kerar da gefuna kayan aikin, gauges, molds da mutu da aka yi amfani da karfe).Babban manufarsa ita ce rage taurin, inganta injina, da kuma shirya don kashewa nan gaba.

3, rage damuwa

Taimakon danniya, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙananan zafin jiki (ko yanayin zafi mai zafi), ana amfani da wannan annealing galibi don kawar da simintin gyare-gyare, gyare-gyare, walda, sassa masu zafi, sassa masu sanyi da sauran sauran damuwa.Idan ba a kawar da waɗannan matsalolin ba, za su haifar da ƙarfe bayan wani ɗan lokaci, ko kuma a cikin tsarin yanke na gaba don samar da nakasawa ko fasa.

4. Rashin cikawa annealing shi ne don zafi da karfe zuwa Ac1 ~ Ac3 (sub-eutectic karfe) ko Ac1 ~ ACcm (over-eutectic karfe) tsakanin zafi kiyayewa da jinkirin sanyaya don samun kusan daidaita kungiyar na zafi magani tsari.

II.quenching, mafi yawan amfani da matsakaicin sanyaya shine brine, ruwa da mai.

Gishiri ruwa quenching na workpiece, sauki don samun high taurin da santsi surface, ba sauki don samar da quenching ba wuya taushi tabo, amma yana da sauki don sa workpiece nakasawa ne mai tsanani, har ma da fatattaka.Yin amfani da man fetur a matsayin matsakaici na quenching shine kawai dace da kwanciyar hankali na supercooled austenite yana da girma a cikin wasu gami da ƙarfe ko ƙananan girman carbon karfe workpiece quenching.

III.manufar karfe tempering

1, rage karyewa, kawar da ko rage damuwa na ciki, karfe quenching akwai babban yawan damuwa na ciki da raguwa, irin su rashin lokacin zafi zai sau da yawa yakan sa nakasar karfe ko ma tsagewa.

2, don samun da ake bukata inji Properties na workpiece, da workpiece bayan quenching high taurin da brittleness, domin saduwa da bukatun na daban-daban Properties na da dama workpieces, za ka iya daidaita taurin ta dace tempering don rage brittleness. na ƙarfin da ake buƙata, filastik.

3. Tabbatar da girman kayan aikin

4, don annealing yana da wuya a yi laushi da wasu ƙananan ƙarfe, a cikin quenching (ko normalizing) ana amfani dashi sau da yawa bayan yanayin zafi mai zafi, don haka karfe carbide ya dace da tarawa, za a rage taurin, don sauƙaƙe yankewa da sarrafawa.

Ƙarin ra'ayoyi

1, annealing: yana nufin kayan ƙarfe masu zafi zuwa yanayin da ya dace, ana kiyaye su na wani ɗan lokaci, sannan a hankali sanyaya tsarin kula da zafi.Common annealing matakai ne: recrystallization annealing, danniya taimako annealing, spheroidal annealing, cikakken annealing, da dai sauransu , inganta tsari da abun da ke ciki na homogenization, ko don maganin zafi na ƙarshe don sa ƙungiyar ta shirya.

2, normalizing: yana nufin karfe ko karfe mai tsanani zuwa ko (karfe a kan mahimmancin zafin jiki) a sama, 30 ~ 50 ℃ don kula da lokacin da ya dace, sanyaya a cikin har yanzu iska zafi magani tsari.Manufar normalizing: yafi inganta inji Properties na low carbon karfe, inganta yankan da machinability, hatsi tacewa, don kawar da kungiyar lahani, domin karshen zafi magani shirya kungiyar.

3, quenching: yana nufin karfe mai zafi zuwa Ac3 ko Ac1 (karfe a ƙarƙashin mahimmancin zafin jiki) sama da wani zazzabi, kiyaye wani lokaci, sannan zuwa ƙimar sanyaya da ya dace, don samun ƙungiyar martensite (ko bainite) zafi magani tsari.Hanyoyin quenching na yau da kullun sune quenching-matsakaici guda, matsakaici-matsakaici quenching, martensite quenching, bainite isothermal quenching, quenching surface da quenching na gida.Manufar quenching: don haka da cewa karfe sassa don samun da ake bukata martensitic kungiyar, inganta taurin na workpiece, ƙarfi da abrasion juriya, domin karshen zafi magani yi kyau shiri ga kungiyar.

4, tempering: yana nufin ƙarfe mai taurare, sa'an nan kuma mai tsanani zuwa zafin jiki a ƙasa Ac1, riƙe lokaci, sa'an nan sanyaya zuwa dakin zafin jiki tsarin magani.Hanyoyin zafin jiki na gama gari sune: ƙananan zafin jiki, yanayin zafi mai zafi, zafi mai zafi da yawan zafin jiki.

Maƙasudin zafin jiki: galibi don kawar da damuwa da ƙarfe ke samarwa a cikin quenching, don haka ƙarfe yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da juriya, kuma yana da filastik da ake buƙata da tauri.

5, tempering: yana nufin karfe ko karfe don quenching da zafin jiki mai zafi na tsarin kula da zafi mai hade.An yi amfani da shi a cikin maganin zafin jiki na karfe da ake kira karfe.Gabaɗaya yana nufin matsakaicin tsarin ƙarfe na carbon da matsakaicin tsarin ƙarfe na ƙirar carbon alloy.

6, Carburizing: Carburizing shine tsarin yin carbon atom ya shiga cikin saman Layer na karfe.Shi ne kuma don yin low carbon karfe workpiece yana da surface Layer na high carbon karfe, sa'an nan bayan quenching da kuma low zafin jiki tempering, sabõda haka, da surface Layer na workpiece yana da high taurin da kuma sa juriya, yayin da tsakiyar ɓangare na workpiece. har yanzu yana kula da tauri da filastik na ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon.

Hanyar bushewa

Domin dumama da sanyaya ayyuka na karfe workpieces bukatar dozin ko ma da dama ayyuka don kammala.Ana aiwatar da waɗannan ayyuka a cikin tanderun kulawa da zafin jiki, mai aiki ba zai iya kusanci ba, don haka ana buƙatar digiri na sarrafa injin injin zafin wutar lantarki ya zama mafi girma.A lokaci guda, wasu ayyuka, kamar dumama da kuma riƙe da karshen karfe workpiece quenching tsari zai zama shida, bakwai ayyuka da za a kammala a cikin 15 seconds.Irin wannan yanayin agile don kammala ayyuka da yawa, yana da sauƙi don haifar da juyayi na mai aiki kuma ya zama rashin aiki.Saboda haka, kawai babban mataki na aiki da kai zai iya zama daidai, daidaitawar lokaci daidai da shirin.

Vacuum zafi magani na karfe sassa ana za'ayi a cikin rufaffiyar injin murhu, m injin sealing sananne ne.Sabili da haka, don samun da kuma manne da ainihin ƙimar iskar tanderu, don tabbatar da cewa aikin injin injin injin, don tabbatar da ingancin sassan injin zafi magani yana da muhimmiyar mahimmanci.Don haka babban batu na tanderun maganin zafin jiki shine samun ingantaccen tsarin rufewa.Domin tabbatar da injin injin tanderu, injin zafi magani tsarin tsarin tsarin dole ne ya bi ka'ida ta asali, wato, jikin tanderun don amfani da walƙiyar gas-m, yayin da tanderun jiki kaɗan zai yiwu don buɗewa ko a'a buɗe. ramin, žasa ko guje wa amfani da tsarin rufewa mai ƙarfi, don rage damar zubar da ruwa.An sanya shi a cikin abubuwan da ke jikin tanderu, na'urorin haɗi, kamar na'urorin sanyaya ruwa, na'urar fitarwar thermocouple kuma dole ne a ƙirƙira su don rufe tsarin.

Yawancin kayan dumama da kayan rufewa ba za a iya amfani da su ba kawai a ƙarƙashin vacuum.Vacuum zafi jiyya tanderu dumama da thermal rufi rufi ne a cikin injin da kuma high zafin jiki aiki, don haka wadannan kayan sa gaba da high zafin jiki juriya, radiation sakamakon, thermal conductivity da sauran bukatun.Abubuwan buƙatun don juriya na iskar shaka ba su da yawa.Saboda haka, injin zafin jiki na tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum da graphite ana amfani da su sosai don dumama da kayan rufin thermal.Wadannan kayan suna da sauƙin oxidize a cikin yanayin yanayi, sabili da haka, tanderun jiyya na yau da kullun ba zai iya amfani da waɗannan kayan dumama da kayan rufi ba.

Ruwa mai sanyaya na'urar: injin zafi magani harsashi, murfi tanderu, lantarki dumama abubuwa, ruwa sanyaya electrodes, matsakaici injin zafi rufi kofa da sauran aka gyara, suna a cikin wani injin, karkashin yanayin zafi aiki.Yin aiki a ƙarƙashin irin waɗannan yanayi mara kyau, dole ne a tabbatar da cewa tsarin kowane sashi bai lalace ko lalacewa ba, kuma hatimin injin ba a cika zafi ko ƙonewa ba.Don haka, ya kamata a saita kowane sashi bisa ga yanayi daban-daban na'urorin sanyaya ruwa don tabbatar da cewa tanderu mai zafi na iya aiki akai-akai kuma ya sami isasshen rayuwar amfani.

Yin amfani da ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki mai girma na yanzu: kwandon shara, lokacin da injin injin digo na ƴan lxlo-1 torr kewayon, kwandon injin mai kuzari a cikin ƙarfin lantarki mafi girma, zai haifar da yanayin fitarwa mai haske.A cikin tanderu mai zafi mai zafi, fitarwa mai tsanani zai ƙone na'urar dumama wutar lantarki, rufin rufi, haifar da manyan hatsarori da asara.Saboda haka, injin zafi magani tanderu lantarki dumama kashi aiki ƙarfin lantarki ne kullum bai fi 80 a 100 volts.A lokaci guda kuma a cikin tsarin tsarin dumama na lantarki don ɗaukar matakai masu tasiri, kamar ƙoƙarin guje wa samun tip na sassan, tazarar lantarki tsakanin na'urorin ba zai iya zama ƙanƙanta ba, don hana haɓakar fitowar haske ko baka. fitarwa.

Haushi

Dangane da buƙatun aikin daban-daban na workpiece, gwargwadon yanayin yanayin zafi daban-daban, ana iya raba su zuwa nau'ikan tempering masu zuwa:

(a) Zazzabi mara nauyi (digiri 150-250)

Low zafin jiki tempering na sakamakon kungiyar ga tempered martensite.Manufarsa ita ce kiyaye tsayin daka da tsayin daka da juriya na ƙarewar ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin jigo na rage yawan damuwa na ciki da gaɓoɓinsa, don guje wa chipping ko lalacewa da wuri lokacin amfani.Ana amfani dashi galibi don kayan aikin yankan carbon iri-iri, gauges, mutuƙar sanyi, mirgine bearings da sassan carburized, da sauransu, bayan taurin zafin shine gabaɗaya HRC58-64.

(ii) matsakaicin zafin jiki (digiri 250-500)

Ƙungiyar zafin jiki na matsakaici don jikin ma'adini mai zafi.Manufarsa ita ce samun ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa, iyaka na roba da babban tauri.Saboda haka, shi ne yafi amfani da dama maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da zafi aiki mold aiki, tempering taurin ne kullum HRC35-50.

(C) zafi mai zafi (digiri 500-650)

Babban zafin jiki na ƙungiyar don zafin Sohnite.Al'ada quenching da high zafin jiki tempering hade zafi magani da aka sani da tempering jiyya, da manufar shi ne don samun ƙarfi, taurin da plasticity, taurin ne mafi alhẽri overall inji Properties.Saboda haka, ana amfani da su sosai a cikin motoci, tarakta, kayan aikin injin da sauran mahimman sassa na tsarin, kamar sandunan haɗin gwiwa, kusoshi, gears da shafts.Taurin bayan zafin shine gabaɗaya HB200-330.

Rigakafin nakasa

Madaidaicin hadaddun nakasar gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare sau da yawa suna da wuyar gaske, amma kawai mu ƙware da ƙa'idar nakasar ta, muna nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da shi, ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don hana nakasar gyaggyarawa yana iya ragewa, amma kuma yana iya sarrafawa.Gabaɗaya magana, maganin zafi na ƙayyadaddun gurɓataccen ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta na iya ɗaukar hanyoyin rigakafi masu zuwa.

(1) Zaɓin abu mai ma'ana.Daidaici hadaddun kyawon tsayuwa ya kamata a zaba abu mai kyau microdeformation mold karfe (kamar iska quenching karfe), da carbide segregation na tsanani mold karfe ya kamata m forging da tempering zafi magani, da ya fi girma kuma ba za a iya ƙirƙira mold karfe na iya zama m bayani sau biyu tacewa. zafi magani.

(2) Tsarin ƙirar ƙira ya kamata ya zama mai ma'ana, kauri bai kamata ya zama mai ban sha'awa ba, sifar ya kamata ya zama mai ma'ana, don nakasar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙira don ƙware da ƙa'idar nakasawa, ana iya amfani da izinin sarrafawa, don manyan, daidaitattun kuma hadaddun ƙira. a cikin haɗin gine-gine.

(3) Madaidaici da hadaddun gyare-gyare ya kamata su zama maganin zafin jiki don kawar da ragowar damuwa da aka haifar a cikin aikin injiniya.

(4) M zabi na dumama zafin jiki, sarrafa dumama gudun, domin daidaici hadaddun molds iya daukar jinkirin dumama, preheating da sauran daidaita dumama hanyoyin don rage mold zafi magani nakasawa.

(5) Ƙarƙashin jigon tabbatar da taurin ƙirar, yi ƙoƙarin amfani da riga-kafi, sanyaya ƙwanƙwasa ko tsarin kashe zafin jiki.

(6) Don daidaito da hadaddun gyare-gyare, ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan izini, gwada amfani da injin dumama quenching da zurfin sanyaya magani bayan quenching.

(7) Domin wasu madaidaici da hadaddun molds za a iya amfani da pre-zafi magani, tsufa zafi magani, tempering nitriding zafi magani don sarrafa daidaito na mold.

(8) A cikin gyaran gyare-gyaren ramukan yashi, porosity, lalacewa da sauran lahani, yin amfani da na'urar walda mai sanyi da sauran tasirin zafi na kayan aikin gyara don kauce wa tsarin gyaran gyare-gyare.

Bugu da ƙari, daidaitaccen tsarin kula da zafi na aiki (kamar toshe ramuka, ramukan da aka ɗaure, gyare-gyaren injiniya, hanyoyin dumama masu dacewa, daidaitaccen zaɓi na jagorancin sanyaya na mold da jagorancin motsi a cikin matsakaicin sanyaya, da dai sauransu) da kuma m. tempering zafi magani tsari ne don rage nakasawa daidai da hadaddun kyawon tsayuwa ma m matakan.

quenching surface da zafin zafin jiki yawanci ana yin shi ta hanyar dumama shigar da wuta ko dumama harshen wuta.Babban ma'auni na fasaha sune taurin saman, taurin gida da ingantaccen zurfin Layer.Za a iya amfani da gwajin taurin Vickers, kuma za a iya amfani da Rockwell ko saman Rockwell hardness tester.Zaɓin ƙarfin gwaji (ma'auni) yana da alaƙa da zurfin tasiri mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da taurin saman aikin.Anan akwai nau'ikan gwajin tauri iri uku.

Na farko, Vickers hardness tester wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci don gwada taurin saman na kayan aikin da aka yi da zafi, ana iya zaɓar shi daga 0.5 zuwa 100kg na ƙarfin gwaji, gwada Layer hardening Layer a matsayin bakin ciki kamar 0.05mm lokacin farin ciki, kuma daidaito shine mafi girma. , kuma yana iya bambanta ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin taurin saman na kayan aikin da aka yi da zafi.Bugu da kari, zurfin da tasiri taurare Layer ya kamata kuma a gano ta Vickers taurin magwajin, don haka ga surface zafi jiyya aiki ko babban adadin raka'a ta yin amfani da surface zafi jiyya workpiece, sanye take da Vickers taurin gwajin wajibi ne.

Na biyu, ma'aunin taurin dutsen Rockwell shima ya dace sosai don gwada taurin kayan aiki mai taurin, saman Rockwell hardness tester yana da ma'auni guda uku da za a zaɓa daga.Za a iya gwada ingantaccen hardening zurfin fiye da 0.1mm na daban-daban surface hardening workpiece.Ko da yake saman Rockwell hardness tester madaidaicin bai kai matsayin mai gwada taurin Vickers ba, amma a matsayin mai kula da ingancin yanayin zafi da ingantattun hanyoyin ganowa, ya sami damar biyan buƙatun.Haka kuma, shi ma yana da sauki aiki, sauki don amfani, low price, m ma'auni, iya kai tsaye karanta taurin darajar da sauran halaye, da amfani da surface Rockwell hardness tester iya zama wani tsari na surface zafi jiyya workpiece ga m da kuma wadanda ba. gwaji yanki-da-guda mai lalata.Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga masana'antar sarrafa ƙarfe da masana'anta.

Na uku, lokacin da saman zafi magani taurare Layer ya yi kauri, kuma za a iya amfani da Rockwell hardness tester.Lokacin da zafi magani taurare Layer kauri na 0.4 ~ 0.8mm, za a iya amfani da HRA sikelin, lokacin da taurare Layer kauri fiye da 0.8mm, za a iya amfani da HRC sikelin.

Vickers, Rockwell da saman Rockwell nau'ikan ƙimar taurin iri uku za'a iya canzawa cikin sauƙi zuwa juna, canzawa zuwa ma'auni, zane ko mai amfani yana buƙatar ƙimar taurin.An ba da madaidaitan allunan juzu'i a daidaitattun ISO na duniya, ma'aunin ASTM na Amurka da ma'aunin GB/T na Sinawa.

Taurin gida

Sassan idan buƙatun taurin gida na mafi girma, samin dumama shigarwa da sauran hanyoyin magance zafi na gida, irin waɗannan sassan yawanci dole ne su yi alamar wurin maganin zafi na gida da ƙimar taurin gida akan zanen.Ya kamata a gudanar da gwajin taurin sassa a wurin da aka keɓe.Ana iya amfani da na'urorin gwajin taurin Rockwell, gwada ƙimar taurin HRC, kamar taurin maganin zafi ba shi da zurfi, ana iya amfani da gwajin taurin taurin saman Rockwell, gwada ƙimar taurin HRN.

Maganin zafi na sinadarai

Chemical zafi magani ne don sa surface na workpiece infiltration na daya ko da yawa sinadaran abubuwa na zarra, don haka kamar yadda canza sinadaran abun da ke ciki, kungiyar da kuma yi na surface na workpiece.Bayan quenching da ƙananan zafin jiki tempering, surface na workpiece yana da high taurin, sa juriya da lamba gajiya ƙarfi, yayin da core na workpiece yana da high tauri.

Bisa ga abin da ke sama, ganowa da rikodin zafin jiki a cikin tsarin maganin zafi yana da matukar muhimmanci, kuma rashin kula da zafin jiki yana da tasiri mai yawa akan samfurin.Sabili da haka, gano yawan zafin jiki yana da mahimmanci, yanayin zafin jiki a cikin dukan tsari kuma yana da mahimmanci, wanda ya haifar da tsarin maganin zafi dole ne a rubuta shi akan canjin yanayin zafi, zai iya sauƙaƙe nazarin bayanan nan gaba, amma kuma don ganin wane lokaci. zafin jiki bai cika buƙatun ba.Wannan zai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta maganin zafi a nan gaba.

Hanyoyin aiki

1. Tsaftace wurin aiki, duba ko samar da wutar lantarki, kayan aunawa da maɓalli daban-daban na al'ada, kuma ko tushen ruwa yana da santsi.

2. Masu aiki su sanya kayan kariya masu kyau na aiki, in ba haka ba zai zama haɗari.

3, buɗe ikon sarrafa ikon canja wuri na duniya, bisa ga buƙatun fasaha na kayan aikin da aka ƙididdige sassan yanayin zafi da faɗuwa, don tsawaita rayuwar kayan aiki da kayan aiki daidai.

4, don kula da zafi magani makera zafin jiki da raga bel gudun tsari, iya Master da zafin jiki matsayin da ake bukata domin daban-daban kayan, don tabbatar da taurin na workpiece da surface straightness da hadawan abu da iskar shaka Layer, da kuma tsanani yi aiki mai kyau na aminci. .

5, Don kula da tempering makera zafin jiki da raga bel gudun, bude shaye iska, sabõda haka, da workpiece bayan tempering saduwa da ingancin bukatun.

6, a cikin aikin ya kamata ya tsaya ga post.

7, don daidaita kayan aikin wuta da suka dace, kuma sun saba da amfani da hanyoyin kulawa.

8, A lokacin da tsayawa da inji, ya kamata mu duba cewa duk iko sauya ne a cikin kashe jihar, sa'an nan kuma rufe duniya canja wurin canji.

Yin zafi fiye da kima

Daga bakin bakin na'urorin na'urorin na'ura masu ɗaukar sassa za'a iya lura da su bayan kashe zafi mai zafi.Amma don sanin ainihin mataki na overheating dole ne a kiyaye microstructure.Idan a cikin GCr15 karfe quenching kungiyar a cikin bayyanar m allura martensite, shi ne quenching overheating kungiyar.Dalilin samuwar quenching dumama zafin jiki na iya zama da yawa ko dumama da kuma riƙe lokaci ya yi tsayi da yawa lalacewa ta hanyar cikakken kewayon overheating;Hakanan na iya kasancewa saboda asalin ƙungiyar band carbide mai tsanani, a cikin ƙaramin yanki na carbon tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu don samar da allurar martensite mai kauri, wanda ke haifar da zafi mai zafi.Ragowar austenite a cikin ƙungiyar mai zafi yana ƙaruwa, kuma kwanciyar hankali yana raguwa.Saboda yawan zafin jiki na ƙungiyar quenching, kristal na ƙarfe yana da ƙaƙƙarfan, wanda zai haifar da raguwa a cikin taurin sassan, tasirin tasiri yana raguwa, kuma an rage rayuwar ɗaukar nauyi.Tsananin zafi yana iya haifar da fashewa.

Ƙarƙashin zafi

Quenching zafin jiki ne low ko rashin kyau sanyaya zai samar da fiye da daidaitattun Torrhenite kungiyar a cikin microstructure, da aka sani da underheating kungiyar, wanda ya sa taurin sauke, sa juriya da aka rage sosai, rinjayar da rayuwar nadi sassa hali.

Quenching fasa

Abubuwan da ke ɗauke da abin nadi a cikin tsarin kashewa da sanyaya saboda matsalolin ciki sun haifar da fasa da ake kira quenching cracks.Abubuwan da ke haifar da irin wannan fashewar sune: saboda quenching dumama zafin jiki yana da yawa ko kuma sanyaya yana da sauri, zafi mai zafi da kuma canjin ƙarar ƙarfe a cikin ƙungiyar damuwa ya fi ƙarfin karyewar karfe;aiki surface na asali lahani (kamar surface fasa ko scratches) ko ciki lahani a cikin karfe (kamar slag, tsanani wadanda ba karfe inclusions, farin spots, shrinkage saura, da dai sauransu) a cikin quenching na samuwar danniya taro;m surface decarburization da Carbide segregation;ɓangarorin da aka kashe bayan zafin da bai isa ba ko rashin dacewa;damuwa mai sanyi wanda tsarin da ya gabata ya haifar yana da girma, jujjuyawar ƙirƙira, yanke juzu'i mai zurfi, tsagi mai kaifi da sauransu.A takaice dai, dalilin kashe tsagewar na iya zama ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin abubuwan da ke sama, kasancewar damuwa na ciki shine babban dalilin samuwar tsagewar.Ƙunƙarar ƙurajewa suna da zurfi kuma siriri, tare da karaya madaidaiciya kuma babu launi mai oxidized akan fashe.Sau da yawa wani fage ne mai tsayi mai tsayi ko tsaga mai sifar zobe akan abin wuya;siffar da ke kan ƙwallon ƙarfe mai ɗaukar nauyin S-dimbin yawa, mai siffar T ko siffar zobe.Halayen ƙungiya na quenching crack ba wani abu ne na decarburization a bangarorin biyu na fashewar, wanda aka bambanta a fili daga ƙirƙira ƙirƙira da fasar kayan.

Nakasar maganin zafi

NACHI masu ɗauke da sassa a cikin maganin zafi, akwai damuwa na thermal da damuwa na ƙungiya, wannan damuwa na ciki za a iya sanya shi a kan juna ko kuma wani ɓangare na ɓarna, yana da rikitarwa kuma mai canzawa, saboda ana iya canza shi tare da zafin jiki na dumama, ƙimar dumama, yanayin sanyaya, sanyaya. kudi, siffar da girman sassa, don haka zafi magani nakasawa ne makawa.Gane da kuma ƙware da ƙa'idodin doka na iya yin nakasawa na sassa masu ɗaukar hoto (kamar oval na abin wuya, girman girman, da sauransu) sanya shi cikin kewayon sarrafawa, dacewa da samarwa.Tabbas, a cikin tsarin maganin zafi na karo na inji shima zai sa sassan nakasu su lalace, amma ana iya amfani da wannan nakasar don inganta aikin don ragewa da gujewa.

Ƙarƙashin ƙasa

Na'urorin haɗi masu ɗauke da sassa a cikin tsarin kula da zafi, idan an ɗora shi a cikin matsakaicin oxidizing, saman za a yi oxidized ta yadda sassan saman sassan carbon taro ya ragu, yana haifar da decarburization.Zurfin saman decarburization Layer fiye da aikin ƙarshe na adadin riƙewa zai sa sassan ya rushe.Ƙayyadaddun zurfin Layer decarburization na farfajiya a cikin gwajin ƙarfe na samfurin da aka samo da kuma hanyar microhardness.Wurin rarraba microhardness na saman saman ya dogara ne akan hanyar aunawa, kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman ma'aunin sasantawa.

Tabo mai laushi

Sakamakon rashin isassun dumama, rashin sanyaya, aikin kashewa ta hanyar rashin dacewa taurin sassa na abin nadi bai isa ba wanda aka sani da quenching soft spot.Yana kama da decarburization na ƙasa zai iya haifar da raguwa mai tsanani a cikin juriya na lalacewa da ƙarfin gajiya.