Maganin zafi yana nufin tsarin zafi na ƙarfe wanda ake dumama kayan, riƙe su da sanyaya su ta hanyar dumamawa a cikin yanayin ƙarfi don samun tsari da kaddarorin da ake so.
I. Maganin Zafi
1, Daidaita: sassan ƙarfe ko ƙarfe da aka dumama zuwa mahimmin matsayi na AC3 ko ACM sama da zafin da ya dace don kiyaye wani lokaci bayan sanyaya a cikin iska, don samun nau'in tsari na pearlitic na tsarin maganin zafi.
2, Aunawa: kayan aikin ƙarfe na eutectic da aka dumama zuwa AC3 sama da digiri 20-40, bayan an riƙe na tsawon lokaci, tare da sanyaya tanderun a hankali (ko a binne shi a cikin yashi ko lemun tsami) zuwa digiri 500 ƙasa da sanyaya a cikin tsarin sarrafa zafi na iska.
3, Maganin zafi mai ƙarfi: ana dumama ƙarfe zuwa wani yanki mai zafi mai yawa na yanayin zafi mai ɗorewa don kiyayewa, don haka matakin da ya wuce ya narke gaba ɗaya zuwa maganin ƙarfi, sannan a sanyaya da sauri don samun tsarin maganin zafi mai ɗorewa.
4, Tsufa: Bayan maganin zafi mai ƙarfi ko nakasar filastik mai sanyi na gami, lokacin da aka sanya shi a zafin ɗaki ko aka ajiye shi a zafin jiki mafi girma fiye da zafin ɗaki, abin da ke faruwa a cikin kaddarorinsa yana canzawa da lokaci.
5, Maganin maganin mai ƙarfi: don haka ƙarfe a cikin matakai daban-daban ya narke gaba ɗaya, ƙarfafa maganin mai ƙarfi da inganta juriyar tauri da tsatsa, kawar da damuwa da laushi, don ci gaba da sarrafa ƙirar.
6, Maganin tsufa: dumama da riƙewa a zafin ruwan sama na matakin ƙarfafawa, don haka ruwan sama na matakin ƙarfafawa ya zube, ya taurare, don inganta ƙarfi.
7, Kashewa: ƙarfafa ƙarfe bayan sanyaya a daidai lokacin sanyaya, don haka kayan aikin a cikin ɓangaren haɗin gwiwa na duk ko wani tsari na rashin daidaituwa na ƙungiya kamar canjin martensite na tsarin maganin zafi.
8, Zafin Jiki: za a dumama kayan aikin da aka kashe zuwa mahimmin matsayi na AC1 ƙasa da zafin da ya dace na wani lokaci, sannan a sanyaya bisa ga buƙatun hanyar, don samun tsari da halayen da ake so na tsarin maganin zafi.
9, Karfe Carbonitriding: Carbonitriding yana zuwa saman karfe a lokaci guda yana shiga tsarin carbon da nitrogen. Carbonitriding na al'ada kuma ana kiransa cyanide, carbonitriding na gas mai matsakaicin zafin jiki da kuma carbonitriding na gas mai ƙarancin zafin jiki (watau gas nitrocarburizing) ana amfani da shi sosai. Babban manufar carbonitriding na gas mai matsakaicin zafin jiki shine inganta tauri, juriyar lalacewa da ƙarfin gajiya na ƙarfe. Carbonitriding na gas mai ƙarancin zafin jiki zuwa nitriding bisa ga nitriding, babban manufarsa shine inganta juriyar lalacewa na ƙarfe da cizo.
10, Maganin rage zafi (ƙuntawa da rage zafi): za a kashe shi kuma a rage zafi a yanayin zafi mai yawa tare da maganin zafi da aka sani da maganin rage zafi. Ana amfani da maganin rage zafi sosai a sassa daban-daban na tsarin gini, musamman waɗanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin nauyin sandunan haɗawa, ƙusoshi, gears da shafts. Bayan maganin rage zafi don samun ƙarfin sohnite, halayen injinan sa sun fi taurin iri ɗaya na tsarin sohnite mai daidaituwa. Taurin sa ya dogara da zafin zafin jiki mai zafi da kwanciyar hankali na ƙarfe da girman sassan aiki, gabaɗaya tsakanin HB200-350.
11, Brazing: tare da kayan brazing za a sami nau'ikan kayan aiki guda biyu na narkewar narkewa tare da tsarin maganin zafi.
II.Thalayen tsarin
Maganin zafi na ƙarfe yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a masana'antar injina, idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin injina, maganin zafi gabaɗaya ba ya canza siffar kayan aikin da kuma sinadaran gaba ɗaya, amma ta hanyar canza tsarin ciki na kayan aikin, ko canza sinadaran da ke saman kayan aikin, don ba da ko inganta amfani da kayan aikin. Ana siffanta shi da inganta ingancin kayan aikin, wanda gabaɗaya ba a iya gani da ido tsirara. Domin yin kayan aikin ƙarfe tare da halayen injiniya da ake buƙata, halayen jiki da halayen sinadarai, ban da zaɓin kayan aiki masu dacewa da nau'ikan tsarin ƙera, tsarin maganin zafi sau da yawa yana da mahimmanci. Karfe shine kayan da aka fi amfani da su a masana'antar injina, ana iya sarrafa hadaddun kayan aikin ƙarfe, ta hanyar maganin zafi, don haka maganin zafi na ƙarfe shine babban abun ciki na maganin zafi na ƙarfe. Bugu da ƙari, aluminum, jan ƙarfe, magnesium, titanium da sauran ƙarfe suma suna iya zama maganin zafi don canza halayen injiniya, na zahiri da na sinadarai, don samun aiki daban-daban.
na uku.Tyana aiwatarwa
Tsarin maganin zafi gabaɗaya ya haɗa da dumama, riƙewa, sanyaya hanyoyi uku, wani lokacin dumama da sanyaya hanyoyi biyu ne kawai. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna da alaƙa da juna, ba za a iya katse su ba.
Dumamawa ɗaya ce daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin magance zafi. Maganin zafi na ƙarfe ta hanyoyi da yawa na dumama, mafi farko shine amfani da gawayi da kwal a matsayin tushen zafi, amfani da man fetur na ruwa da iskar gas na baya-bayan nan. Amfani da wutar lantarki yana sauƙaƙa sarrafa dumama, kuma babu gurɓataccen muhalli. Amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin zafi za a iya dumama su kai tsaye, amma kuma ta hanyar gishirin da aka narke ko ƙarfe, zuwa barbashi masu iyo don dumama kai tsaye.
Dumama ƙarfe, aikin da aka yi amfani da shi yana fuskantar iska, iskar shaka, ragewar carbon sau da yawa yana faruwa (watau, yawan sinadarin carbon da ke cikin sassan ƙarfe don ragewa), wanda ke da mummunan tasiri akan halayen saman sassan da aka yi wa zafi. Saboda haka, ƙarfe yakamata ya kasance a cikin yanayi mai sarrafawa ko yanayin kariya, gishirin da aka narke da dumamawar injin, amma kuma akwai rufin ko hanyoyin marufi don dumama kariya.
Zafin zafi yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman sigogi na tsarin maganin zafi, zaɓi da sarrafa zafin zafi, shine tabbatar da ingancin maganin zafi na manyan batutuwa. Zafin zafi ya bambanta da kayan ƙarfe da aka yi wa magani da kuma manufar maganin zafi, amma gabaɗaya ana dumama shi sama da zafin canjin lokaci don samun tsarin zafin jiki mai girma. Bugu da ƙari, canjin yana buƙatar wani adadin lokaci, don haka lokacin da saman aikin ƙarfe ya kai ga zafin zafi da ake buƙata, amma kuma dole ne a kiyaye shi a wannan zafin na wani lokaci, don haka yanayin zafi na ciki da na waje ya kasance iri ɗaya, don haka canjin tsarin microstructure ya cika, wanda aka sani da lokacin riƙewa. Amfani da dumama mai yawa da maganin zafi na saman, ƙimar dumama yana da sauri sosai, gabaɗaya babu lokacin riƙewa, yayin da maganin zafi na sinadarai na lokacin riƙewa sau da yawa ya fi tsayi.
Sanyaya kuma mataki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin sarrafa zafi, hanyoyin sanyaya saboda hanyoyi daban-daban, musamman don sarrafa saurin sanyaya. Yawan sanyaya gabaɗaya shine mafi jinkiri, daidaita saurin sanyaya yana da sauri, rage saurin sanyaya yana da sauri. Amma kuma saboda nau'ikan ƙarfe daban-daban kuma suna da buƙatu daban-daban, kamar ƙarfe mai tauri da iska za a iya kashe shi da saurin sanyaya iri ɗaya da daidaita shi.
IV.Prarrabuwar tsari
Tsarin maganin zafi na ƙarfe za a iya raba shi zuwa duka maganin zafi, maganin zafi na saman da kuma maganin zafi na sinadarai na rukuni uku. Dangane da yanayin dumama, yanayin zafi da kuma hanyar sanyaya yanayi daban-daban, kowane rukuni za a iya bambanta shi zuwa nau'ikan tsarin maganin zafi daban-daban. Irin wannan ƙarfe ta amfani da hanyoyin maganin zafi daban-daban, yana iya samun ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, don haka yana da halaye daban-daban. Baƙin ƙarfe da ƙarfe su ne ƙarfe da aka fi amfani da su a masana'antu, kuma tsarin ƙarfe shi ma ya fi rikitarwa, don haka akwai nau'ikan tsarin maganin zafi na ƙarfe iri-iri.
Maganin zafi gaba ɗaya shine dumama kayan aikin gaba ɗaya, sannan a sanyaya su a daidai gwargwado, don samun tsarin ƙarfe da ake buƙata, don canza halayen injiniyansa na tsarin maganin zafi na ƙarfe gaba ɗaya. Maganin zafi gaba ɗaya na ƙarfe kusan annealing, daidaita, kashewa da kuma daidaita ayyuka guda huɗu na asali.
Tsarin yana nufin:
Ana dumama kayan aikin zuwa zafin da ya dace, gwargwadon kayan aiki da girman kayan aikin ta amfani da lokacin riƙewa daban-daban, sannan a sanyaya a hankali, manufar ita ce a yi tsarin ciki na ƙarfe don cimma ko kusa da yanayin daidaito, don samun kyakkyawan aiki da aiki, ko don ƙara kashewa don shirya shirye-shiryen.
Daidaita aiki shine ana dumama aikin zuwa zafin jiki mai dacewa bayan sanyaya a cikin iska, tasirin daidaitawa yayi kama da annealing, kawai don samun tsari mafi kyau, sau da yawa ana amfani dashi don inganta aikin yanke kayan, amma kuma wani lokacin ana amfani dashi ga wasu sassan da ba su da buƙata azaman maganin zafi na ƙarshe.
Ana amfani da quenching a cikin kayan aiki kuma a sanyaya su, a cikin ruwa, mai ko wasu gishirin da ba na halitta ba, ruwan halitta da sauran hanyoyin kashewa don sanyaya cikin sauri. Bayan kashewa, sassan ƙarfe suna tauri, amma a lokaci guda suna yin rauni, don kawar da karyewar a kan lokaci, gabaɗaya yana da mahimmanci a rage zafi a kan lokaci.
Domin rage karyewar sassan ƙarfe, sassan ƙarfe da aka kashe a zafin da ya dace fiye da zafin ɗaki da ƙasa da 650 ℃ na dogon lokaci na rufi, sannan a sanyaya, ana kiran wannan tsari da tempering. Annealing, normalize, quetching, tempering shine maganin zafi gabaɗaya a cikin "wurare huɗu", wanda quenching da tempering suna da alaƙa sosai, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi tare da juna, ɗaya yana da mahimmanci. "Wuta huɗu" tare da yanayin zafi da sanyaya daban-daban, kuma ya haɓaka wani tsari na maganin zafi daban-daban. Domin samun wani matakin ƙarfi da tauri, quenching da tempering a yanayin zafi mai yawa tare da aikin, wanda aka sani da tempering. Bayan an kashe wasu ƙarfe don samar da mafita mai ƙarfi, ana riƙe su a zafin ɗaki ko a yanayin zafi mai dacewa kaɗan na tsawon lokaci don inganta tauri, ƙarfi, ko maganadisu na lantarki na gami. Irin wannan tsarin maganin zafi ana kiransa maganin tsufa.
Ana haɗa nakasar sarrafa matsi da maganin zafi yadda ya kamata kuma a haɗa su sosai don aiwatarwa, ta yadda aikin zai sami ƙarfi mai kyau, tauri tare da hanyar da aka sani da maganin zafi na nakasa; a cikin yanayi mai matsin lamba mara kyau ko injin tsabtace zafi da aka sani da maganin zafi na injin tsabtace zafi, wanda ba wai kawai zai iya sa aikin ya yi oxidize ba, ba ya cire carburize, yana kiyaye saman aikin bayan magani, yana inganta aikin aikin, har ma ta hanyar wakilin osmotic don maganin zafi na sinadarai.
Maganin zafi a saman yana ɗumama saman saman aikin ne kawai don canza halayen injina na saman aikin na tsarin maganin zafi na ƙarfe. Domin kawai a ɗumama saman aikin ba tare da canja wurin zafi mai yawa zuwa wurin aikin ba, amfani da tushen zafi dole ne ya sami yawan kuzari mai yawa, wato, a yankin naúrar aikin don samar da ƙarin kuzarin zafi, don haka saman aikin ko kuma na iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci ko nan take don isa ga yanayin zafi mai girma. Maganin zafi a saman babban hanyoyin kashe wuta da kuma dumama zafi na induction, hanyoyin zafi da aka fi amfani da su kamar harshen oxacetylene ko oxypropane, hasken induction, laser da electron beam.
Maganin zafi na sinadarai tsari ne na maganin zafi na ƙarfe ta hanyar canza tsarin sinadarai, tsari da halayen saman Layer na workpiece. Maganin zafi na sinadarai ya bambanta da maganin zafi na saman saboda na farko yana canza tsarin sinadarai na saman Layer na workpiece. Ana sanya maganin zafi na sinadarai akan workpiece wanda ke ɗauke da carbon, gishiri ko wasu abubuwan da ke haɗa sinadarai na matsakaici (gas, ruwa, daskararru) a cikin dumama, rufi na tsawon lokaci, ta yadda saman workpiece ɗin zai shiga cikin carbon, nitrogen, boron da chromium da sauran abubuwa. Bayan shigar abubuwa, da kuma wasu hanyoyin magance zafi kamar kashewa da dumama. Babban hanyoyin magance zafi na sinadarai sune yin carburizing, nitriding, shigar ƙarfe.
Maganin zafi yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin da ake bi wajen kera sassan injina da molds. Gabaɗaya, yana iya tabbatarwa da inganta halaye daban-daban na kayan aikin, kamar juriyar lalacewa, juriyar tsatsa. Hakanan yana iya inganta tsarin yanayin rashin komai da damuwa, don sauƙaƙe sarrafa sanyi da zafi iri-iri.
Misali: farin ƙarfe bayan dogon lokaci ana iya samun ƙarfe mai laushi, yana inganta laushi; gears tare da tsarin maganin zafi daidai, tsawon lokacin sabis na iya zama fiye da gears da aka yi wa zafi sau da yawa ko sau da yawa; Bugu da ƙari, ƙarfe mai araha ta hanyar shigar wasu abubuwan haɗin ƙarfe yana da wasu ayyukan ƙarfe mai tsada, yana iya maye gurbin wasu ƙarfe masu jure zafi, bakin ƙarfe; molds da dies kusan duk suna buƙatar wucewa ta maganin zafi. Ana iya amfani da su ne kawai bayan maganin zafi.
Ƙarin hanyoyin
I. Nau'ikan annealing
Annealing tsari ne na maganin zafi wanda ake dumama kayan aikin zuwa yanayin zafi mai dacewa, a riƙe shi na wani lokaci, sannan a sanyaya a hankali.
Akwai nau'ikan tsarin ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfe da yawa, bisa ga yanayin zafi za a iya raba shi zuwa rukuni biyu: ɗaya yana a yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci (Ac1 ko Ac3) sama da ƙara ƙarfin, wanda kuma aka sani da sake kunna ƙarfin yanayi na canjin yanayi, gami da cikakken rage ƙarfin yanayi, ƙarancin ƙarfin yanayi, ƙarancin ƙarfin yanayi da kuma rage ƙarfin yanayi (homogenization annealing), da sauransu; ɗayan kuma yana ƙasa da yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci na ƙara ƙarfin yanayi, gami da sake kunna ƙarfin yanayi da rage ƙarfin yanayi, da sauransu. Dangane da hanyar sanyaya, ana iya raba ƙarin ƙarfin yanayi zuwa ƙarin ƙarfin yanayi da kuma ci gaba da sanyaya iska.
1, cikakken annealing da isothermal annealing
Cikakken annealing, wanda kuma aka sani da recrystallization annealing, wanda aka fi sani da annealing, shine ƙarfe ko ƙarfe da aka dumama zuwa Ac3 sama da 20 ~ 30 ℃, rufin da ya isa ya sa ƙungiyar ta zama mai ƙarfi bayan sanyaya a hankali, don samun daidaito kusan tsarin tsarin maganin zafi. Ana amfani da wannan annealing galibi don haɗakar abubuwa daban-daban na simintin ƙarfe na carbon da gami, forgings da bayanan martaba masu zafi, kuma wani lokacin ana amfani da su don tsarin walda. Yawanci sau da yawa azaman maganin zafi na ƙarshe, ko azaman maganin zafin rana na wasu kayan aiki.
2, rage ƙwallo
Ana amfani da Spheroidal annealing musamman don amfani da ƙarfen carbon mai yawan wuce gona da iri da kuma ƙarfen ƙarfe mai ƙarfe (kamar ƙera kayan aiki masu kaifi, ma'auni, molds da dies da ake amfani da su a cikin ƙarfe). Babban manufarsa ita ce rage tauri, inganta injina, da kuma shirya don kashewa nan gaba.
3, rage damuwa
Ana amfani da wannan na'urar rage damuwa, wadda aka fi sani da na'urar rage zafi (ko kuma ta rage zafi), musamman don kawar da siminti, kayan gini, walda, sassan da aka yi amfani da su a zafi, sassan da aka ja da sanyi da sauran matsalolin da suka rage. Idan ba a kawar da waɗannan matsalolin ba, zai haifar da ƙarfe bayan wani lokaci, ko kuma a cikin tsarin yankewa na gaba, ya haifar da lalacewa ko tsagewa.
4. Rashin cikar aikin ƙara zafi shine a dumama ƙarfe zuwa Ac1 ~ Ac3 (ƙarfe mai ƙanƙanta) ko Ac1 ~ ACcm (ƙarfe mai yawa) tsakanin kiyaye zafi da sanyaya a hankali don samun daidaiton tsarin sarrafa zafi.
II.Ana kashewa, mafi yawan amfani da ruwan sanyi shine ruwan gishiri, ruwa da mai.
Kashewar ruwan gishiri na kayan aikin, sauƙin samun tauri mai yawa da kuma santsi a saman, ba shi da sauƙin samar da kashewa ba tabo mai tauri ba, amma yana da sauƙin yin lalata kayan aikin yana da tsanani, har ma da fashewa. Amfani da mai a matsayin matsakaiciyar kashewa ya dace ne kawai don kwanciyar hankali na austenite mai sanyi sosai yana da girma a cikin wasu ƙarfe na ƙarfe ko ƙaramin girman ƙwanƙwasa ƙarfe na carbon.
na uku.manufar gyaran ƙarfe
1, rage karyewar ƙarfe, kawar da ko rage damuwa ta ciki, kashe ƙarfe akwai damuwa mai yawa ta ciki da karyewar ƙarfe, kamar rashin yin zafi a kan lokaci sau da yawa yakan sa ƙarfe ya lalace ko ma ya fashe.
2, don samun kayan aikin da ake buƙata na kayan aikin, kayan aikin bayan kashe babban tauri da karyewa, don biyan buƙatun halaye daban-daban na kayan aikin iri-iri, zaku iya daidaita tauri ta hanyar daidaita tauri ta hanyar daidaita tauri da ya dace don rage karyewar tauri da ake buƙata, da kuma plasticity.
3, Daidaita girman kayan aikin
4, domin annealing yana da wuya a yi laushi ga wasu ƙarfe na ƙarfe, a cikin kashewa (ko daidaitawa) sau da yawa ana amfani da shi bayan zafin jiki mai zafi, don haka ƙarfe carbide ya dace da haɗuwa, za a rage taurin, don sauƙaƙe yankewa da sarrafawa.
Ƙarin ra'ayoyi
1, annealing: yana nufin kayan ƙarfe da aka dumama zuwa yanayin zafi da ya dace, wanda aka kiyaye na wani lokaci, sannan a hankali a sanyaya tsarin maganin zafi. Tsarin annealing na yau da kullun sune: annealing na sake yin amfani da shi, annealing na rage damuwa, annealing na spheroidal, annealing cikakke, da sauransu. Manufar annealing: galibi don rage taurin kayan ƙarfe, inganta filastik, don sauƙaƙe yankewa ko matsewa, rage damuwa da suka rage, inganta tsari da abun da ke cikin haɗin kai, ko don annealing na ƙarshe don shirya ƙungiyar.
2, daidaita: yana nufin ƙarfe ko ƙarfe da aka dumama zuwa ko (ƙarfe a kan ma'aunin zafin jiki mai mahimmanci) a sama, 30 ~ 50 ℃ don kiyaye lokacin da ya dace, sanyaya a cikin tsarin maganin zafi na iska mai natsuwa. Manufar daidaita: galibi don inganta halayen injina na ƙarancin carbon, inganta yankewa da injina, tsaftace hatsi, don kawar da lahani na ƙungiya, don maganin zafi na ƙarshe don shirya ƙungiyar.
3, kashewa: yana nufin ƙarfen da aka dumama zuwa Ac3 ko Ac1 (ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin mahimmin yanayin zafi) sama da wani zafin jiki, kiyaye wani lokaci, sannan zuwa ga daidaitaccen saurin sanyaya, don samun tsarin martensite (ko bainite) na tsarin maganin zafi. Tsarin kashewa na yau da kullun sune kashewa matsakaici ɗaya, kashewa matsakaici biyu, kashewa martensite, kashewa mai zafi na bainite, kashewa saman da kashewa na gida. Manufar kashewa: don sassan ƙarfe don samun tsarin martensitic da ake buƙata, inganta taurin aikin, ƙarfi da juriyar gogewa, don maganin zafi na ƙarshe don yin shiri mai kyau ga ƙungiyar.
4, rage zafin jiki: yana nufin ƙarfen da aka taurare, sannan aka dumama shi zuwa yanayin zafi ƙasa da Ac1, yana riƙe lokaci, sannan a sanyaya shi zuwa yanayin zafi na ɗaki. Tsarin rage zafin jiki na yau da kullun sune: rage zafin jiki, rage zafin jiki na matsakaici, rage zafin jiki mai yawa da kuma rage zafin jiki mai yawa.
Manufar rage zafi: musamman don kawar da damuwar da ƙarfe ke haifarwa a cikin kashewa, don haka ƙarfen yana da babban tauri da juriya ga lalacewa, kuma yana da ƙarfin da ake buƙata da kuma tauri.
5, tempering: yana nufin ƙarfe ko ƙarfe don kashewa da kuma rage zafin jiki mai yawa na tsarin maganin zafi mai haɗaka. Ana amfani da shi wajen magance tempering na ƙarfe da ake kira tempered steel. Gabaɗaya yana nufin matsakaiciyar ƙarfe mai tsarin carbon da matsakaicin ƙarfe mai tsarin carbon.
6, Carburizing: Carburizing tsari ne na sanya ƙwayoyin carbon su shiga cikin saman ƙarfe. Haka kuma don yin aikin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin carbon ya zama saman ƙarfe mai yawan carbon, sannan bayan an kashe shi da kuma rage zafin jiki, ta yadda saman kayan aikin zai kasance da ƙarfi da juriya ga lalacewa, yayin da tsakiyar ɓangaren kayan aikin har yanzu yana riƙe da ƙarfi da ƙarfin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin carbon.
Hanyar injin tsotsa
Domin kuwa ayyukan dumama da sanyaya kayan aikin ƙarfe suna buƙatar ayyuka goma sha biyu ko ma fiye da haka. Ana gudanar da waɗannan ayyuka a cikin tanderun maganin zafi na injin, mai aiki ba zai iya kusantowa ba, don haka ana buƙatar matakin sarrafa wutar lantarki ta injin sarrafa zafi na injin ya zama mafi girma. A lokaci guda, wasu ayyuka, kamar dumama da riƙe ƙarshen aikin kashe kayan aikin ƙarfe, dole ne su kasance ayyuka shida, bakwai kuma a kammala su cikin daƙiƙa 15. Irin waɗannan yanayi masu sauƙi don kammala ayyuka da yawa, yana da sauƙi ya haifar da fargabar mai aiki kuma ya zama rashin aiki. Saboda haka, babban mataki na sarrafa kansa ne kawai zai iya zama daidai, daidaitawa akan lokaci bisa ga shirin.
Ana yin maganin zafi na sassan ƙarfe a cikin murhu mai rufewa, an san cewa rufewar injin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Saboda haka, don samun da kuma bin ƙa'idar zubar iska ta asali ta murhu, don tabbatar da cewa injin aiki na murhu mai tsabta, don tabbatar da ingancin sassan yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Don haka muhimmin batu na murhu mai tsafta shine a sami ingantaccen tsarin rufe injin. Domin tabbatar da aikin injin, tsarin murhu mai tsafta dole ne ya bi ƙa'ida ta asali, wato, jikin murhu don amfani da walda mai hana iskar gas, yayin da jikin murhu ba zai iya buɗewa ko buɗe ramin ba, ƙasa da ko guje wa amfani da tsarin rufewa mai ƙarfi, don rage damar zubar injin. An sanya kayan aikin jiki na murhu mai tsabta, kayan haɗi, kamar su electrodes masu sanyaya ruwa, na'urar fitarwa ta thermocouple suma dole ne a tsara su don rufe tsarin.
Yawancin kayan dumama da rufi ana iya amfani da su ne kawai a ƙarƙashin injin tsotsa. Ana amfani da rufin dumama da rufi na dumama tanderun dumama da rufi na zafi a cikin injin tsotsa da zafi mai zafi, don haka waɗannan kayan suna gabatar da juriyar zafi mai yawa, sakamakon radiation, juriyar zafi da sauran buƙatu. Bukatun juriyar iskar shaka ba su da yawa. Saboda haka, tanderun maganin zafi na injin tsotsa da ake amfani da shi sosai don kayan dumama da rufi na zafi. Waɗannan kayan suna da sauƙin oxidize a yanayin yanayi, saboda haka, tanderun maganin zafi na yau da kullun ba za su iya amfani da waɗannan kayan dumama da rufi ba.
Na'urar sanyaya ruwa: harsashin tanderun dumama mai amfani da injin tsotsa, murfin tanderun, abubuwan dumama na lantarki, electrodes masu sanyaya ruwa, ƙofar hana zafi ta injin tsotsa da sauran kayan aiki, suna cikin injin tsotsa, a ƙarƙashin yanayin aikin zafi. Idan ana aiki a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayi mara kyau, dole ne a tabbatar da cewa tsarin kowane sashi bai lalace ko ya lalace ba, kuma hatimin injin tsotsa bai yi zafi ko ƙonewa ba. Saboda haka, ya kamata a saita kowane sashi bisa ga yanayi daban-daban na'urorin sanyaya ruwa don tabbatar da cewa tanderun dumama mai amfani da injin tsotsa zai iya aiki yadda ya kamata kuma ya sami isasshen lokacin amfani.
Amfani da ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki: akwati mai injin tsabtace iska, lokacin da matakin injin tsabtace iska na wasu nau'ikan lxlo-1 torr, akwatin injin tsabtace iska na mai amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin babban ƙarfin lantarki, zai haifar da fitowar haske. A cikin tanderun maganin zafi na injin tsabtace iska, fitar da iska mai ƙarfi zai ƙone abin dumama wutar lantarki, Layer na rufi, wanda ke haifar da manyan haɗurra da asara. Saboda haka, ƙarfin wutar lantarki na injin tsabtace iska gabaɗaya ba ya wuce volts 80 a 100. A lokaci guda a cikin ƙirar tsarin kayan dumama wutar lantarki don ɗaukar matakai masu tasiri, kamar ƙoƙarin guje wa samun ƙarshen sassan, tazara tsakanin electrodes ba zai iya zama ƙanƙanta ba, don hana samar da fitar haske ko fitar da iska mai ƙarfi.
Mai jurewa
Dangane da buƙatun aiki daban-daban na workpiece, ana iya raba shi zuwa nau'ikan tempering masu zuwa:
(a) rage zafin jiki (digiri 150-250)
Tsarin rage zafin jiki na tsarin da aka samar don martensite mai zafi. Manufarsa ita ce kiyaye ƙarfin tauri da juriya mai ƙarfi na ƙarfe da aka kashe a ƙarƙashin manufar rage damuwa da karyewar ciki, don guje wa guntu ko lalacewa da wuri yayin amfani. Ana amfani da shi galibi don kayan aikin yanke carbon iri-iri, ma'auni, ma'aunin sanyi, bearings masu birgima da sassan carburized, da sauransu, bayan tauri na tempering gabaɗaya shine HRC58-64.
(ii) yanayin zafi mai matsakaicin zafi (digiri 250-500)
Tsarin daidaita yanayin zafi na matsakaici don jikin quartz mai laushi. Manufarsa ita ce samun ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa, iyaka mai laushi da kuma ƙarfi mai yawa. Saboda haka, galibi ana amfani da shi don nau'ikan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da sarrafa mold mai zafi, taurin tempering gabaɗaya shine HRC35-50.
(C) yanayin zafi mai zafi (digiri 500-650)
Tsarin dumama mai zafi mai yawa na ƙungiyar Sohnite mai zafi. Tsarin dumama mai zafi na al'ada da kuma tsarin dumama mai zafi mai zafi wanda aka sani da maganin dumama, manufarsa ita ce samun ƙarfi, tauri da kuma ƙarfin lantarki, tauri sun fi dacewa da halayen injiniya gabaɗaya. Saboda haka, ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin motoci, taraktoci, kayan aikin injina da sauran muhimman sassan gini, kamar sandunan haɗawa, ƙusoshi, gears da shafts. Tauri bayan dumama gabaɗaya shine HB200-330.
Hana nakasa
Sanadin lalacewar mold mai rikitarwa sau da yawa yana da rikitarwa, amma kawai muna iya sanin dokar lalacewar mold ɗin, muna bincika musabbabinsa, muna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don hana lalacewar mold ɗin, amma kuma muna iya sarrafa shi. Gabaɗaya, maganin zafi na daidaiton lalacewar mold mai rikitarwa na iya ɗaukar waɗannan hanyoyin rigakafi.
(1) Zaɓin abu mai ma'ana. Ya kamata a zaɓi ƙirar ƙira mai rikitarwa mai kyau ta ƙarfe mai kyau (kamar ƙarfe mai kashe iska), rabuwar carbide na ƙarfe mai ƙarfi ya kamata ya zama mai ma'ana don ƙirƙira da daidaita zafi, mafi girma kuma ba za a iya ƙirƙira shi ba ƙarfe mai ƙarfi zai iya zama maganin zafi mai ƙarfi sau biyu.
(2) Tsarin tsarin mold ya kamata ya zama mai ma'ana, kauri bai kamata ya bambanta ba, siffar ya kamata ta kasance mai daidaito, don nakasar babban mold ta ƙware a cikin dokar nakasar, ana iya amfani da izinin sarrafawa, don manyan molds, daidaitacce da rikitarwa a cikin haɗin gine-gine.
(3) Ya kamata a yi amfani da tsauraran matakai da kuma hadaddun siffofi kafin a yi amfani da su wajen magance matsalar zafin jiki domin kawar da matsalar da ta rage a cikin aikin injin.
(4) Zaɓin zafin jiki mai kyau, sarrafa saurin dumama, don daidaiton ƙira mai rikitarwa na iya ɗaukar dumama a hankali, dumama kafin lokaci da sauran hanyoyin dumama masu daidaito don rage lalacewar maganin zafi na mold.
(5) A ƙarƙashin manufar tabbatar da taurin mold ɗin, yi ƙoƙarin amfani da tsarin kafin sanyaya, ko kuma tsarin rage zafin jiki.
(6) Don daidaito da sarkakiya na molds, a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan da aka yarda, yi ƙoƙarin amfani da injin kashe zafi na injin da kuma maganin sanyaya mai zurfi bayan kashewa.
(7) Ga wasu daidaito da hadaddun molds za a iya amfani da su kafin zafi, tsufa zafi magani, tempering nitriding zafi magani don sarrafa daidaito na mold.
(8) Wajen gyaran ramukan yashi na mold, ramuka, lalacewa da sauran lahani, amfani da injin walda mai sanyi da sauran tasirin zafi na kayan gyaran don guje wa tsarin gyara na nakasa.
Bugu da ƙari, aikin gyaran zafi daidai (kamar toshe ramuka, ramukan da aka ɗaure, gyara injina, hanyoyin dumama masu dacewa, zaɓin da ya dace na alkiblar sanyaya mold da kuma alkiblar motsi a cikin yanayin sanyaya, da sauransu) da kuma tsarin gyaran zafi mai ma'ana shine rage nakasar daidaito da ƙira masu rikitarwa suma matakai ne masu tasiri.
Ana yin maganin kashe zafi a saman da kuma dumama shi ta hanyar amfani da dumama ko dumama harshen wuta. Manyan sigogin fasaha sune taurin saman, taurin gida da kuma zurfin taurin Layer mai inganci. Ana iya amfani da gwajin taurin Vickers, ana iya amfani da Rockwell ko kuma gwajin taurin Rockwell. Zaɓin ƙarfin gwaji (sikelin) yana da alaƙa da zurfin ingantaccen Layer mai taurin Layer da kuma taurin saman workpiece. Nau'ikan masu gwajin taurin Layer guda uku suna da hannu a nan.
Da farko, na'urar gwajin taurin Vickers wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci ta gwada taurin saman kayan aikin da aka yi wa zafi, ana iya zaɓar ta daga kilogiram 0.5 zuwa 100 na ƙarfin gwaji, gwada layin taurin saman kamar siriri kamar kauri 0.05mm, kuma daidaitonsa shine mafi girma, kuma yana iya bambance ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin taurin saman kayan aikin da aka yi wa zafi. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata mai gwajin taurin Vickers ya gano zurfin ingantaccen Layer mai taurin, don haka don sarrafa zafin saman ko adadi mai yawa na na'urori masu amfani da kayan aikin maganin zafi, ana buƙatar mai gwajin taurin Vickers.
Na biyu, na'urar gwajin taurin saman Rockwell kuma ta dace sosai don gwada taurin kayan aikin da aka taurara a saman, na'urar gwajin taurin saman Rockwell tana da ma'auni uku da za a zaɓa daga ciki. Tana iya gwada zurfin taurin mai inganci na fiye da 0.1mm na kayan aikin taurin saman daban-daban. Kodayake daidaiton na'urar gwajin taurin saman Rockwell ba ta kai girman na'urar gwajin taurin Vickers ba, amma a matsayin tsarin kula da ingancin masana'antar maganin zafi da kuma hanyoyin bincike masu inganci, ta sami damar cika buƙatun. Bugu da ƙari, tana da aiki mai sauƙi, mai sauƙin amfani, ƙarancin farashi, aunawa cikin sauri, tana iya karanta ƙimar taurin kai da sauran halaye kai tsaye, amfani da na'urar gwajin taurin saman Rockwell na iya zama tarin kayan aikin maganin zafi na saman don gwajin sauri da mara lalata yanki-da-yanki. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga masana'antar sarrafa ƙarfe da kera injina.
Na uku, idan ma'aunin zafi na saman ya yi kauri, ana iya amfani da na'urar gwada taurin Rockwell. Lokacin da ma'aunin zafi ya taurare, ana iya amfani da ma'aunin HRA, lokacin da ma'aunin zafi ya taurare fiye da 0.8mm, ana iya amfani da ma'aunin HRC.
Ana iya canza nau'ikan ƙimar tauri guda uku na Vickers, Rockwell da kuma saman Rockwell cikin sauƙi, a canza su zuwa ga ma'auni, ko kuma a yi zane ko kuma mai amfani yana buƙatar ƙimar tauri. An bayar da teburin juyawa masu dacewa a cikin ma'aunin ISO na ƙasa da ƙasa, ma'aunin ASTM na Amurka da ma'aunin GB/T na China.
Taurare na gida
Idan ana buƙatar taurin gida na dumama mai ƙarfi da sauran hanyoyin magance zafi na gida, irin waɗannan sassan galibi dole ne su yi alama a wurin da ake yin maganin zafi na gida da ƙimar taurin gida a kan zane-zanen. Ya kamata a yi gwajin taurin sassa a yankin da aka keɓe. Ana iya amfani da kayan aikin gwajin taurin Rockwell, gwada ƙimar taurin HRC, kamar maganin zafi, Layer ɗin taurin kai, ana iya amfani da shi a saman Rockwell, gwada ƙimar taurin HRN.
Maganin zafi na sinadarai
Maganin zafi na sinadarai shine a yi shigar saman kayan aikin a cikin ɗaya ko fiye da sinadarai na atom, don canza tsarin sinadarai, tsari da aikin saman kayan aikin. Bayan kashewa da kuma rage zafin jiki, saman kayan aikin yana da tauri mai yawa, juriya ga lalacewa da ƙarfin gajiya, yayin da zuciyar kayan aikin tana da ƙarfi mai yawa.
A cewar da ke sama, gano da kuma yin rikodin zafin jiki a cikin tsarin maganin zafi yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, kuma rashin kyawun kula da zafin jiki yana da babban tasiri ga samfurin. Saboda haka, gano zafin jiki yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, yanayin zafin jiki a cikin dukkan tsarin shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, wanda ke haifar da dole ne a rubuta tsarin maganin zafi akan canjin zafin jiki, zai iya sauƙaƙe nazarin bayanai na gaba, amma kuma a ga wane lokaci zafin jiki bai cika buƙatun ba. Wannan zai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta maganin zafi a nan gaba.
Tsarin aiki
1. Tsaftace wurin aiki, duba ko wutar lantarki, kayan aunawa da maɓallan daban-daban sun zama ruwan dare, da kuma ko tushen ruwan yana da santsi.
2. Ya kamata masu aiki su sanya kayan kariya masu kyau na aiki, in ba haka ba zai zama haɗari.
3, buɗe maɓallin canja wurin wutar lantarki na duniya, bisa ga buƙatun fasaha na sassan da aka ƙayyade na kayan aiki na hauhawar zafin jiki da faɗuwa, don tsawaita rayuwar kayan aiki da kayan aiki gaba ɗaya.
4, don kula da zafin wutar tanderu da kuma saurin bel ɗin raga, za a iya sarrafa ma'aunin zafin jiki da ake buƙata don kayan aiki daban-daban, don tabbatar da taurin aikin da kuma madaidaicin saman da kuma Layer na iskar shaka, da kuma yin aiki mai kyau na aminci.
5, Don kula da zafin wutar tanderu da saurin bel ɗin raga, buɗe iskar shaye-shaye, don haka workpiece ɗin bayan an yi amfani da shi don biyan buƙatun inganci.
6, a cikin aikin ya kamata a manne shi da sandar.
7, don saita na'urorin kashe gobara da ake buƙata, da kuma sanin hanyoyin amfani da su da kuma kula da su.
8, Lokacin da muke dakatar da na'urar, ya kamata mu duba cewa duk makullan sarrafawa suna cikin yanayin kashewa, sannan mu rufe makullan canja wurin duniya.
Zafi fiye da kima
Daga bakin ƙazanta na kayan haɗin na'urar nadawa, ana iya lura da sassan ɗaukar kaya bayan kashe ƙananan tsarin zafi. Amma don tantance ainihin matakin zafi dole ne a lura da ƙananan tsarin. Idan a cikin tsarin kashe ƙarfe na GCr15 a cikin bayyanar allurar martensite mai kauri, yana kashe ƙananan tsarin zafi. Dalilin samuwar zafin zafi na iya zama mai yawa ko dumama kuma lokacin riƙewa ya yi tsayi da yawa saboda cikakken kewayon zafi; kuma yana iya zama saboda asalin tsarin band carbide mai tsanani, a cikin ƙaramin yanki na carbon tsakanin sandunan biyu don samar da allurar martensite ta gida mai kauri, wanda ke haifar da zafi na gida. Sauran austenite a cikin ƙungiyar mai zafi yana ƙaruwa, kuma kwanciyar hankali na girma yana raguwa. Saboda yawan zafi na ƙungiyar kashewa, lu'ulu'u na ƙarfe yana da kauri, wanda zai haifar da raguwar taurin sassan, juriyar tasiri yana raguwa, kuma rayuwar bearing ɗin ma yana raguwa. Yawan zafi mai tsanani har ma yana iya haifar da fashewar kashewa.
Ƙarfin zafi
Zafin da ke kashewa ƙasa ko kuma rashin sanyaya mai kyau zai samar da fiye da tsarin Torrhenite na yau da kullun a cikin tsarin microstructure, wanda aka sani da ƙungiyar da ke rage zafi, wanda ke sa taurin ya ragu, juriyar lalacewa ta ragu sosai, wanda ke shafar rayuwar sassan abin nadi.
Kashe fasa
Sassan da ke ɗauke da birgima a cikin tsarin kashewa da sanyaya saboda damuwa ta ciki suna haifar da fasa da ake kira fashewar kashewa. Abubuwan da ke haifar da irin waɗannan fasa sune: saboda kashewa, zafin zafi yana da yawa ko sanyaya yana da sauri, damuwa ta zafi da canjin girman ƙarfe a cikin tsarin damuwa ya fi ƙarfin karyewar ƙarfe; saman aiki na lahani na asali (kamar fashewar saman ko karce) ko lahani na ciki a cikin ƙarfe (kamar slag, manyan abubuwan da ba na ƙarfe ba, fararen tabo, ragowar raguwa, da sauransu) a cikin kashewar samuwar yawan damuwa; tsananin cire carbon da rabuwar Carbide; sassan da aka kashe bayan an rage ƙarfin ko ba a yi su ba; damuwar sanyi da aka haifar da tsarin da ya gabata ya yi yawa, naɗewa, yankewa mai zurfi, ramukan mai da gefuna masu kaifi da sauransu. A takaice, dalilin kashewa na iya zama ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin abubuwan da ke sama, kasancewar damuwa ta ciki shine babban dalilin samuwar fashewar kashewa. Kashewa fashe suna da zurfi kuma siriri, tare da karyewa madaidaiciya kuma babu launin oxidized akan saman da ya karye. Sau da yawa tsagewa ce mai faɗi ko kuma tsagewa mai siffar zobe a kan abin wuyan ɗaukar kaya; siffar da ke kan ƙwallon ƙarfe mai siffar S ce, siffar T ko siffar zobe. Halayen tsari na kashe tsagewa ba wani abu bane na cire ƙarfe a ɓangarorin biyu na tsagewar, wanda a bayyane yake bambanta shi da tsagewa da tsagewa na kayan aiki.
Nakasar maganin zafi
Sassan NACHI masu ɗaukar kaya a cikin maganin zafi, akwai damuwa ta zafi da damuwa ta ƙungiya, wannan damuwa ta ciki za a iya ɗora ta a kan juna ko kuma a rage ta wani ɓangare, tana da rikitarwa kuma tana canzawa, saboda ana iya canza ta da zafin dumama, saurin dumama, yanayin sanyaya, saurin sanyaya, siffa da girman sassan, don haka lalacewar maganin zafi ba makawa ce. Gane da kuma sanin ƙa'idar doka na iya sa lalacewar sassan ɗaukar kaya (kamar oval na abin wuya, girma sama, da sauransu) a cikin kewayon da za a iya sarrafawa, wanda ke da amfani ga samarwa. Tabbas, a cikin tsarin maganin zafi na karo na inji zai kuma sa lalacewar sassan, amma ana iya amfani da wannan lalacewar don inganta aikin don ragewa da gujewa.
Rage girman saman
Kayan haɗin na'urar birgima da ke ɗauke da sassan da ke cikin tsarin maganin zafi, idan an dumama shi a cikin wani abu mai hana iskar shaka, za a yi amfani da saman don rage yawan carbon da ke saman sassan, wanda hakan zai haifar da rage iskar shaka. Zurfin Layer ɗin cire iskar shaka fiye da aikin ƙarshe na adadin riƙewa zai sa sassan su lalace. Ƙididdige zurfin Layer ɗin cire iskar shaka a cikin binciken metallographic na hanyar metallographic da ake da ita da hanyar microhardness. Lanƙwasa rarrabawar microhardness na Layer ɗin saman ya dogara ne akan hanyar aunawa, kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman ma'aunin sulhu.
Tabo mai laushi
Saboda rashin isasshen dumama, rashin sanyaya jiki, da kuma rashin kashewa da ke faruwa sakamakon rashin taurin saman sassan da ke ɗauke da na'urar birgima ba su isa ba, abin da aka sani da quenching soft spot. Kamar dai decarburization na saman na iya haifar da raguwar juriyar lalacewa da ƙarfin gajiya.
Lokacin Saƙo: Disamba-05-2023