1. Manufa
Don daidaita tsarin plating nickel mara amfani da lantarki, sarrafa sigogi, da buƙatun inganci, tabbatar da ingantaccen ingancin shafi wanda ya dace da ƙa'idodin abokin ciniki da na ƙasashen duniya.
2. Faɗin
Ana amfani da shi ga plating na nickel mara lantarki akan ƙarfen carbon, bakin ƙarfe, da ƙarfe na jan ƙarfe. Bai dace da magnesium alloys, titanium alloys, ko wasu ayyuka na musamman ba.
3. Nassoshi na Al'ada
- • GB/T 13913-2008 – Rufin ƙarfe mai sarrafa kansa na nickel-phosphorus
- • GB/T 6461-2002 - Kimanta samfuran gwaji da kayan shafa na ƙarfe da sauran abubuwan da ba su da sinadarai a kan abubuwan ƙarfe bayan gwajin tsatsa
- • ASTM B733-18 – Daidaitaccen Bayani na Daidaitacce don Rufin Nickel-Phosphorus Mai Katalytic (Ba tare da Wutar Lantarki ba)
- • ISO 4527:2003 - Rufin ƙarfe - Rufin ƙarfe mai sarrafa kansa (marasa amfani da wutar lantarki) na nickel-phosphorus
- • GB/T 5270-2005 – Rufin ƙarfe akan abubuwan ƙarfe – Rufin da aka yi da Electroplated da kuma wanda aka ajiye ta hanyar sinadarai – Hanyoyin gwajin mannewa
4. Ka'idar Tsarin Aiki
Rufin nickel mara lantarki tsari ne na adana sinadarai masu sarrafa kansa wanda sodium hypophosphite ke rage ions na Ni²⁺ don samar da rufin Ni-P.
Tsarin amsawa:
- • Iskar shaka ta Anodic: H₂PO₂⁻ + H₂O → H₂PO₃⁻ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
- • Ragewar Katolika: Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni
- • Haɗin Phosphorus: H₂PO₂⁻ + 2H⁺ + e⁻ → P + 2H₂O
Rarraba shafi ta hanyar sinadarin phosphorus:
| Nau'i | Abubuwan da ke cikin phosphorus |
| Ƙananan-P | 1–5% |
| Tsakiyar-P | 5–10% |
| Babban-P | Kashi 10–15% |
5. Gudun Tsarin Aiki
Dubawa → Rage mai → Kurkurewar zafi → Kurkure mai gudana → Kurkurewar → Kurkurewar → Kunkurewar → Kurkurewar DI → Rufewar lantarki mara amfani → Farfadowa → Kurkurewar matakai 3 na sake amfani da ruwa → Passivation → Kurkurewar DI → Busarwa → Dubawa → Kunshin
6. Maɓallan Tsarin Aiki Masu Mahimmanci
| Sigogi | Kewayon sarrafawa | Bayani |
| Yawan Ni²⁺ | 8–12 g/L | An ba da shawarar 9–10 g/L |
| Sodium hypophosphite | 25–35 g/L | Rabon molar da Ni²⁺: 2.5–3.5:1 |
| Maganin hadawa (sodium citrate) | 30–40 g/L | Yana daidaita ions na nickel |
| Buffer (sodium acetate) | 15–25 g/L | Yana kula da kwanciyar hankali na pH |
| ƙimar pH | 4.5–5.5 (Matsakaici/babba-P) | An daidaita shi da ammonia ko sodium carbonate |
| Zafin jiki | 85–90℃ | Mafi kyawun 88±1℃ |
| Ana lodawa | 0.5–1.5 dm²/L | Loda mafi girma yana rage yawan ajiya |
| Adadin ajiya | 15–25 μm/h | Rage tsufar wanka |
| Lokaci | Minti 15–60 | Dangane da kauri da ake buƙata |
| Tashin hankali | Iska mai ƙarfi ko mai ƙarfi | An ba da shawarar motsi ko zagayawa na kayan aiki |
| Tacewa | Ci gaba da tacewa, ƙimar 5–10 μm | Yana cire ƙwayoyin cuta, yana hana shiga cikin rami |
7. Bayanin Samfura & Ƙarfin Rufi
Girman Aiki na 7.1
| Abu | Sigogi |
| Girman da ya fi girma | 1500 × 800 × 600 mm |
| Ƙaramin girma | 5 × 5 × 5 mm |
| Matsakaicin nauyi | 200 kg |
| Ƙaramin nauyi | 1 g |
7.2 Ƙarfin Kauri na Rufi
| Nau'i | Nisa mai kauri | Aikace-aikacen yau da kullun |
| Sassan daidaici | 5–10 μm | Zaren, ƙwallan bawul, abubuwan haɗin hydraulic |
| Sassan yau da kullun | 10–50 μm | Sassan da ke jure lalata da lalacewa gabaɗaya |
| Rufi mai kauri | 50–100 μm | Gyaran lalacewa, mummunan yanayi mai lalata |
Daidaito: ±10% (sassan gabaɗaya); ±15% (siffofi masu rikitarwa)
7.3 Kayayyakin Shafi
| Kadara | An yi masa fenti kamar-plated | An yi wa magani da zafi (400℃×1h) | Bayani |
| Taurin kai (HV) | ≥500 HV | ≥800 HV | Maganin zafi yana ƙara tauri |
| mannewa | ≤ Darasi na 1 (GB/T 5270) | — | Babu barewa, babu fashewa |
| Gwajin fesa gishiri (NSS, 5% NaCl, 35℃) | ≥Awowi 24 (Tsakiyar-P) ≥72 hours (Babban-P) | — | Dangane da buƙatar abokin ciniki |
| Porosity | ≤maki 1/cm² | — | Yawanci ba shi da ramuka ≥25 μm |
| Juriya | 50–100 μΩ·cm | 30–60 μΩ·cm | — |
Maganin zafi: 400℃ ± 10℃, awa 1, iska/tanderu ta yi sanyi.
8. Ƙarfin Samarwa
| Abu | Ƙarfin aiki |
| Girman tanki ɗaya | 2–5 m³ |
| Nauyin tsari | 500–1500 kg |
| Yawan aiki na yau da kullun | Tan 3–8 |
| Adadin wata-wata | Tan 80–200 |
Lura: Ainihin ƙarfin ya dogara ne akan yanayin ƙasa, kauri, da tsufar wanka.
9. Duba Inganci
9.1 Abubuwan Dubawa
| Abu | Hanyar | Mita | Ka'idar karɓa |
| Kauri | XRF / na'urar hangen nesa ta ƙarfe | Maki ≥3 a kowace na'ura a kowane rukuni | Zane na haɗuwa; matsakaicin haɓakawa ≤10% |
| Tauri | ƙarfin HV0.1 | Sau ɗaya a kowane aiki | ≥500 HV (wanda aka yi masa fenti); ≥800 HV (HT) |
| mannewa | Fayil/lanƙwasa/yanke-yanke+tef | Guda 1 a kowace rukuni | Daraja ≤1, babu barewa |
| Bayyanar | Hasken gani (daidaitacce) | 100% | Haske iri ɗaya; babu lahani |
| Feshin Gishiri | NSS 5% NaCl, 35℃ | Kowace rukuni/canji | Matsakaicin P ≥24; Babban P ≥72 hours |
| Abubuwan da ke cikin phosphorus | EDS / sinadarai | Sabo wanka na mako-mako / sabon wanka | 1–5% / 5–10% / 10–15% |
9.2 Rarraba Bayyanar
| Matsayi | Bayani |
| Darasi na A | Haske/rabin haske iri ɗaya, babu lahani |
| Aji na B | Ƙaramin alamar ruwa/tambarin tuƙi, babu ramuka/barewa |
| Darasi na C | Ƙananan rashin haske/bambancin launi, aiki lafiya |
| ƙin amincewa | Ragewa, barewa, cire plating, ƙonewa, bambancin launi mai tsanani |
10. Shirya matsala
| Matsala | Dalili Mai Yiwuwa | Mafita |
| Mannewa mara kyau | Rashin cikawa wajen rage mai/tsaftacewa; rashin isasshen kunnawa | Inganta magani kafin a fara; faɗaɗa kunnawa |
| Ragewa/rashin ƙarfi | Barbashi a cikin wanka; babban pH mai narkewa | Inganta tacewa (5 μm); ƙarancin pH |
| Rufin da ba shi da duhu/toka | Ƙarancin Ni²⁺/hypophosphite; ƙarancin pH/zafin jiki | Ƙara sinadarai; pH 4.8–5.2; zafi zuwa 88℃ |
| Tsallake bargo | Rashin aiki na gida; man fetur/oxide da ya rage | Inganta kunnawa; sake rage mai |
| Ƙarancin kuɗin ajiya | Ƙananan zafin jiki/Ni²⁺/ragewa; ƙasa da pH; tsohon wanka | Zafi zuwa 88–90℃; daidaita pH; sabunta wanka |
| Rushewar wanka | Zafi fiye da kima; babban pH; ƙarawa da sauri; ƙarancin lodawa | Dakatar da dumama; rage pH; rage ruwa a cikin wanka |
11. Tsaro
- • Kayan kariya na kariya (PPE): safar hannu masu ɗauke da sinadarin acid/alkali, gilashin ido, apron, na'urar numfashi (ammonia/acid).
- • Ajiye sinadarai: Raba nickel sulfate, hypophosphite, acid, alkalis; nesa da zafi/rage zafi.
- • Haramun: Kada a haɗa sinadarin conc. acid + hypophosphite (phosphine mai guba). A narke daskararru a cikin ruwan DI da farko.
- • Iska: Shakar hayaki ta gida da ke saman tankuna (cire hydrogen).
- • Gaggawa: Wanke ido, shawa, busasshen foda/maganin kashe CO₂, na'urar numfashi, kayan zubar da ruwa.
12. Kare Muhalli
- • Ruwan shara: Ruwan shara ya rabu; pH ya zube 9–10 + PAC/PAM; Ni <0.5 mg/L.
- • Sharar da ke da haɗari: Wanka da aka yi amfani da shi, matattara, mai kunna wuta, dattin Ni - zubar da ruwa mai lasisi tare da alamun bayyanar.
- • Fitar da hayaki: Ci gaba da samun iska; a saka idanu kan ammonia/hydrogen a kowace GB 16297.
- • Makamashi/ruwa: A rufe tankunan; a wanke su da ruwa; a sake cika su da ruwa sosai.
13. Tsarin Wanka (Tsakiyar Phosphorus, Sassan Gabaɗaya)
| Sinadaran sinadarai | Mai da hankali | aiki |
| NiSO₄·6H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Babban gishiri, tushen Ni²⁺ |
| NaH₂PO₂·H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Wakilin ragewa, tushen P |
| Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O | 30–40 g/L | Wakili mai rikitarwa |
| CH₃COONa·3H₂O | 15–25 g/L | pH buffer |
| Lactic/propionic acid | 5–10 mL/L | Mai hanzarta |
| Mai daidaita (thiourea) | 1–2 mg/L | Yana hana ruɓewa |
Kayan shafa:
1. A narke NiSO₄, citrate, acetate a cikin 1/3 na ruwan DI, 60℃.
2. A narkar da sinadarin hypophosphite + lactic acid a cikin wani kashi 1/3.
3. A haɗa, a cika shi da ruwa, pH 4.8–5.2.
4. Ƙara mai daidaita, zafi zuwa 88℃, tace, farantin gwaji.
14. Ƙarfin Kayan Aiki & Dubawa
14.1 Babban Kayan Aiki
| Kayan aiki | Ƙayyadewa |
| Tankin faranti | An yi layi a kan PP/PVC, an dumama shi, an sarrafa zafin jiki |
| Tacewa | Famfon da ke jure wa acid + gida, 5–10 μm, 1–3×/h |
| Kula da zafin jiki | PID, ±1℃ |
| Busar da murhu | Iska mai zafi, 60–120℃ |
| Mai tsabtace ultrasonic | 40 kHz, ƙarfin da za a iya daidaitawa |
| ruwa na DI | ≥10 MΩ·cm |
14.2 Kayan Dubawa
| Kayan aiki | Daidaito/Mizani |
| Kauri XRF | 0–200 μm, ±0.1 μm |
| Ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki | 10–1000 gf, GB/T 4340.1 |
| Dakin fesa gishiri | GB/T 10125, ≥200 L |
| Na'urar hangen nesa ta ƙarfe | 100–1000×, micrometer |
| Na'urar auna pH | ±0.02, diyya ta zafin jiki |
| Daidaiton nazari | 0.01 g |
15. Takardu & Bibiyar Abubuwan da ke Faruwa
- •Rikodin samarwa:Lambar sashi, adadi, zafin jiki, pH, lokaci, kauri, mai aiki.
- •Takardar wanka:Kullum Ni²⁺, hypophosphite, pH; ƙari; tacewa/tsaftacewa.
- •Bayanan dubawa:Kauri, tauri, mannewa, kamanni, feshi mai gishiri.
- •Kulawa:Daidaitawa, kula da famfo, rage gudu, duba fanka (kwata-kwata).
Riƙewa:≥ shekaru 3 (≥ shekaru 10 don mota/likitanci). Ana iya bin diddiginsa zuwa zagayen wanka/baho.
16. Ƙarin Tanadin
- • Sashen Fasaha yana sake dubawa kowace shekara.
- • An rubuta buƙatun musamman na abokin ciniki (feshin gishiri, tauri, rarrabawa, H‑embrittlement) kuma an bi su.
- • Sabbin kayayyaki: Ƙaramin gwaji da farko; yawan samarwa bayan ya ci dukkan gwaje-gwaje.
- • Don kula da samarwa da kuma duba abokan ciniki.
Tarihin Gyara
| Rev | Kwanan wata | Abubuwan da aka gyara | An amince da shi daga |
| V1.0 | 2024-xx-xx | Fitowar farko | — |
| V2.0 | 2026-04-30 | Cikakken bita na Ingilishi kawai | — |
Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-18-2026